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believe in what we do helps keep curiosity thriving. Head to buttwikids.org/donate to become a butt-wife fan club member or make a gift in any amount to support the show. Thanks and stay curious. This is But Why a podcast for Curious Kids from Vermont Public. I'm Jane Lendon. On this show we take questions from Curious Kids just like you and we find answers. We've gotten thousands
of questions and hundreds of them are about dinosaurs. We took a really cool field trip to Texas a few years ago to look at some newly uncovered dinosaur footprints in a dry riverbed and to make an episode all about these prehistoric beasts. But that only scratched the surface of all the questions we've gotten about dinosaurs. So today we're going to tackle a chunk more of them and we're going to be doing it with a paleontologist. My name is Doctor
Emily Bamforth. I am a paleontologist and the curator of the Philip J. Curry Dinosaur Museum. So paleontology is actually the pretty broad field. There are paleontologists that just study dinosaurs. But paleontology is actually the study of fossils. So anything that fossilizes gets studied by paleontologists. So whether that's bugs or plants or fish or even bacteria,
“anything that was alive and is now dead and fossilized, that's what paleontologist study.”
Emily Bamforth does study dinosaurs and all the things that lived with them from her home base in Alberta, Canada. That includes going out and finding them, digging them up, bringing them back to the museum, preparing them, and taking care of those collections once they're in the museum. And then telling the world about all the stuff we found. Emily fell in love with dinosaurs when she was just four years old and saw her first dinosaur exhibit. So if you're
a Dino loving kid, you should know there's a field of study for you as you grow older.
Dinosaur's first appeared on Earth about 245 million years ago. Give or take a few million
years. Then they lived for a long, long time. But not all dinosaurs lived at the same time as each other. Just as there are animals that have gone extinct more recently, there were dinosaurs
“that went extinct or evolved over time. And it's also important to remember that not all of the”
animals living back then were dinosaurs. Yeah, that's right. And there are some animals that are actually called dinosaurs that are not. So the the pleasesaurus, the lived in the ocean, and the big Mosesaurus, kind of another marine reptiles, they sometimes get called dinosaurs, but they weren't. They belong to a different group of reptiles, but because they lived at the same time of dinosaurs, they sometimes are accidentally called dinosaurs. It's the same with things like
the terrasource, the things like terrodactyls, and and terrodon, those things are actually not dinosaurs either. They they belong to a different group of reptiles. But again, they lived at the same time as dinosaur. So they sometimes get lumped in there. But dinosaurs are actually very specific group of reptiles. But of course, they weren't the only ones living at the time. There's a whole much of other things that were around as well. There were crocodiles, horseshoe crabs, mammals, plants,
and insects living in the time of the dinosaurs. But let's back up a second and consider this
question from Willow. And five years old, I live in New York City. Why? Thanks. Our toys and sisters and what are dinosaurs and sisters and sisters? And sisters. Based on what we know from the fossil record, we think that dinosaurs and crocodiles have the same ancestor. So the ancestor of dinosaurs probably looked like a crocodile. Maybe like a little bit of a skinny crocodile that maybe could have gotten up and walked on two legs. So some of our very early early dinosaurs,
we have one dinosaurs first of here. They look a little like crocodiles. But crocodiles that walked on two legs. And so before that, we know that dinosaurs are reptiles. So they came from the
basically the same group of animals that are lizards and snakes and crocodiles and turtles
came from today. So basically from a reptilian ancestor, we got like a crocodilian like ancestor and from those those crocodile like things, we got the dinosaurs and then the birds. So that kind of answers. Amos is question. I live in Massachusetts. I'm six years old. Are there any dinosaurs that are mammals? Dinosaur's are reptiles and mammals are mammals. They're
It's like different types of animals.
so sometimes it's it's easier for get. But there's actually a lot of mammals that lived at the same
time of dinosaurs. Mammals just didn't really kind of get big until after the dinosaurs went extinct. But that they were certainly there. Mammals actually predate dinosaurs. Hi, my name's Paulis. I live in
“Mobile Australia. I'm saying these all is crocodiles and dinosaurs. Why they not extinct?”
The closest ancestor or the closest relative of a modern bird is actually a crocodile. And so dinosaurs and crocodiles were reasonably closely related. But crocodiles today just as the dinosaurs and the birds kind of went off on the row branch. Modern crocodiles went off on their own branch too. And so even though crocodiles are really ancient animals, they've also been around for a long time. They've also kind of evolved on their
own branch. And so with crocodiles, again, they've been around for a long time. But it's not the same crocodiles that live today is the ones that live in the fossil record. They have changed and evolved the same way that dinosaurs have. So crocodiles and birds are actually more closely related to each other than crocodiles and lizards, right? That's right. Yeah. So they crocodiles and dinosaurs and birds belong to a group called the arkasaurus. They're basically their own group all to themselves.
And then our lizards and our turtles and our snakes are on another branch of the reptile tree. When you think about evolution, remember, we're talking millions of years. So animals can share ancestors and not look anything alike. Now, you might have been surprised to hear that dinosaurs and birds and crocodiles are all related. More on that in just a minute. But if you know anything
about dinosaurs, you've probably heard that they went extinct about 66 million years ago.
“Hi, my name is mine from Monterey, California. Why are dinosaurs extinct?”
One of them is to go, why did dinosaurs live 16 million years ago and not now? My name is Kimli. I am seven years old and I live in Clive, Iowa. Why were dinosaurs extinct? My name is Beatrix. I'm five years old and I live in Ohio. Why are dinosaurs extinct, including my favorite one, the brinkiest of it? I didn't think about the dinosaurs yet. Oh, I didn't think about the dinosaurs. Hello, I'm Evie. I'm five years old. I live at Kansas and my question is,
look, why did the dinosaurs and the web tires that just didn't so far as the media went? And again, on Chicago, this is dead. My name is Owen. I'm five years old and I'm from Montenegro. Hello, my name is Amelia. I am six years old and I have a watch in 70C and I want to know how did the asteroid make the dinosaurs go extinct? My name is Lucas. I live in Jeremy and I am seven years old.
“My question is, how did trees come back after dinosaurs were extinct?”
Hi, my nickname is Eva. I'm eight years old and I live in Florida. And my question is, why did the asteroid make the dinosaurs extinct? But it didn't cover the whole earth. My name is Emma. I live in San Diego, California. I am four years old and my question is, why do dinosaurs go with so much? So the dinosaur mass extinction is has been a huge debate for a really long time. And I remember when I was a kid, it was still very much a question about what killed the dinosaurs.
And there's been a lot of work that's been done pretty much since the 1980s. And now we've pretty well established that the big thing that caused that extinction was a meteorite impact.
Or what what geologists will call a bull-eyed impact. Basically giant piece of space rock,
came and hit the earth probably around the Utah Peninsula in Mexico and basically caused a whole bunch of bad things to happen all at once. So like forest fires and acid rain and earth quakes in volcanic eruptions and would have been a very bad day on planet earth. So we think that that event probably almost instantly wiped out the big dinosaurs at least in North America. And after that happened, there are ecosystems. So kind of all of the things that were happening around them also
Collapsed.
basically like a golden retriever dog survived. So all the big things went extinct. They just didn't
have the food. They didn't have the resources. They didn't have the habitats. They needed anymore. And then what they're probably would have been what we call a nuclear winter. So all of that ash and the ejecta from that big meteorite impact would have blocked out the sun. So that would affect the plant communities. And so the animals that relied on those plants would have died as well. That certainly sounds terrible. When we think about this time period, it's often called
“a mass extinction event when lots and lots of animals in plants died. But it's important to remember”
that a lot of plants animals and insects also survived. So we think the things that survived, the mass extinction were small. They were able to eat a whole bunch of different things. So they were
what we call generalists. So they could eat seeds and they could eat plants and they could maybe eat
to try to, and they could eat insects. So they were able, they didn't didn't start because they could eat a bunch of different things. And then animals that had some kind of way to escape the after effects. So if they lived in water or if they lived underground, they tended to do pretty well. So for example, turtles did really well out of the mass extinction. Most turtles survived the mass extinction. Because most turtles live in water. So they were able to go into the water and hide.
The early birds, so there were birds around at the time of the extinction. And we think the ones that survived were the ones who were able to eat seeds. So seeds are something that doesn't necessarily rely on the sun. So they can, they can seeds can hang out on the surface for a long time. So birds that were able to eat seeds did pretty well. And then there were some animals that were
“just lucky. So I think in terms of what survives a mass extinction, whether it's the dinosaur”
mass extinction or one of the four mass extensions before that, it just seems that there were some animals that just got lucky. And they managed to survive and they became really, really diverse afterwards. And what else survived the mass extinction that killed off so many of the dinosaurs that we can point to as, you know, ancestors of modern animals today? Yeah. So the crocodiles survived the mass extinction. So crocodiles actually were around even in places like Canada for a long time after
after the dinosaur mass extinction. And of course, the mammals. So the mammals at the time, there were some slightly bigger ones, but most mammals were really small. So they were able to go underground or live in trees. They could survive the effects of that meteorite impact. And they obviously become really, really abundant and fill all kinds of niches, mammals get really, really
“big after the extinction. So mammals are basically one of the great survivors. Birds, of course.”
And of course, are, you know, these living, we call them living fossils, things like sharks. The sharks are still with us today. sharks have been around pretty much forever. Some of the groups of fish that live in the oceans, some of the amphibians, the salamanders,
the frogs survived the mass extinction as well. So basically, everything we see today in our world
survived the mass extinction. You mentioned that some of the animals that could survive that mass extinction and the effects of the meteorite were animals that could hide or get away or had specific foods that they ate that they could still eat. And Grayson would love a little more explanation. I am seven. And I live in Flagstaff, Arizona. How did some bird dinosaurs survive the meteor? Yeah. So at the time of the dinosaurs, there were what we would consider
true birds. They looked a little different than birds today. They had teeth, for example, and they had bony tails like dinosaurs did. But otherwise, they probably would have looked a lot like birds. So of course, they were small. The ones that survived. So the small body ones, the smaller you are, the better your chances of surviving a mass extinction. So most of those those birds were small. And they could also, we think, eat a whole bunch of different things. So birds could eat seeds.
They can eat insects. There's some not many, but there's some herbivorous birds as well. They could eat fish. Some birds today like like bultures eat carry on eat dead things that are already dead. So those birds that survived probably had a range of diets that they could eat. And birds can also fly. So they could actually get out of those areas. If it was really bad where they were living, they could fly away and find a better place. And that was definitely
something that something like a triceratops would not be able to do. So we think those are probably the reasons why the birds survived. Birds of course were also warm blooded. So even though it got really, you know, really cold, they could probably find a way to warm up. So lots of adaptations that met a lot of those groups of birds survived.
There were already birds living in the time of the dinosaurs.
dinosaur news over the course of your lifetime, you already know that birds are dinosaurs. Stay tuned. We'll explain.
“This is but why a podcast for curious kids. I'm Jane Lindholm and today we're talking”
dinos with Canadian paleontologist Dr. Emily Bamforth. We were just talking about a mass
extinction event about 66 million years ago that wiped out tons of animals, including most of the
dinosaurs. But there are animals walking, well, flying among us today, that are essentially living dinosaurs. Let's get into it. Hi, my name is Alice. I'm in Columbia, Maryland and I'm eight how old birds in dinosaurs related. Yeah, so really good question. And this is something that paleontologists have really only just figured out in the last kind of 20 or 30 years. And now if you look at a bird, it's sort of easy to see a dinosaur. Like if you look at a bird's foot,
birds have got scaly feet, like dinosaurs, like other reptiles, and they have claws, like dinosaurs would have as well. So we now know that a lot of dinosaurs also had feathers. And so we actually know that now, not only we know that their related birds are actually dinosaurs, birds are the dinosaurs that didn't go extinct in that mass extinction. And there's a whole lot of different lines of, of, of, lines of evidence, ways that we can tell that by looking at the
fossil record. But dinosaurs are actually still among us in, in the form of birds. And that is kind of mind-blowing and that totally changed how paleontologists looked at dinosaurs. Birds are dinosaurs. Yeah, so that's kind of the way that not only paleontologists but biologists kind of think about life. And so for example, humans are mammals. And we're not the only mammals. There's a whole lot of mammals out there. And the thing that makes us mammals is we have a series of
shared characteristics basically. Like we have hair and we give birth to life young and we like
“feed the young with milk. That's what kind of thing that makes mammals mammals. But we all have the”
same ancestor. Like we all have the same like great, great, great, great, great, great, great, mammal, grandparent. And because we all came from that grandparent, that makes us all mammals. And I was the same as dinosaurs. So like dinosaurs are kind of the great, great, great, great, great, grandparents of birds. And so because they're related, they have kind of that connection through their, their ancestry. That's what makes them into into dinosaurs. That they're related
through all of the, you know, all of that geologic time. And they also have all of those same characteristics. So birds and dinosaurs that share a lot of things that are the same. Remember, most of the dinosaurs that ever existed when extinct. So not all dinosaurs evolved into birds. You could kind of say like this, all birds are dinosaurs, but not all dinosaurs became birds. The dinosaurs that are closely related to birds, most closely related, are what we call
their reports. And those are basically bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs.
bipedal meaning walks on to feed and carnivorous eats meat. That's right. So walk down to legs and eight meat. So those dinosaurs like the loss of raptor or dromia source, even things like T-Rex, Albertosaurus, basically that group of dinosaurs are closely related to birds. And things like triceratops and the duck build dinosaurs and the stigosaurus and the acallosaurus, even though they're dinosaurs, they're less closely related to birds.
“Okay. So if some dinosaurs evolved into birds, did dinosaurs have feathers?”
My name is Charlie. I live in Worcester, Massachusetts. I am eight years old. My question is how do we know some dinosaurs had feathers? Hello, my name is Hannah Luis, I am 10 years old, and I am from South Korea. In the day you, how do people know dinosaurs had feathers? The reason that we know that dinosaurs had feathers is because we have found dinosaur skeletons with the feathers still attached. So the most famous or the very first one that was found was the
Archaeopteryx. So that was found in Germany. And when they found it, this is kind of a great story. When they originally found it, they could see it was the dinosaur skeleton, and that it had all these weird kind of features in the rock around it, and they actually started to erase them. Because they didn't know what they were. They thought it was just maybe like a weird thing that was happening in the rock. And it wasn't until they were closely that they realized that these were
feathers. And at the time they called it an ancient bird. We now know that is basically a feather dinosaur. And so that happened like early in the 19th century, and then it really wasn't until they found feathered birds in China. China is really well known for its feather dinosaurs. And that's when they first really start to make the link between birds and dinosaurs, because they're actually
Finding dinosaurs with feathers.
the last couple of decades. Because when I was a kid, which was a long time ago, but not as long as
the dinosaurs were alive ago, we didn't talk about it that same way. Right. And it's actually something that's happened in my lifetime as well. So here it was this dinosaur crazy kid. And I
“remember, I was maybe around 10 years old when the first the story of the feathered dinosaur”
from China really started to kind of hit the grass and you start to see it in books and magazines. And it was really, really exciting. So that was actually in the 1990s. So it's well, for me, fairly recent. But again, it's something we've really started to figure out in the last 20 or 30 years or so. Scientists had had theories for a while that dinosaurs and birds were related. But in the 1990s, thousands of feathered dinosaur fossils were found. These bird-like dinosaurs
lived alongside those other dinosaurs for a million years. When the asteroid hit Earth,
these avian dinosaurs survived. And that might explain a lot about dinosaurs and eggs. Hi, my name's Stan. And we are in the hospital. And we said, "Felph, you're washing them." Why do baby dinosaurs come from age? All dinosaurs as far as we know, lay eggs.
“Dinosaur's lay eggs basically because their ancestors lay eggs. So dinosaurs that whole group”
of animals is kind of related to, they had kind of a crocodilian. So an ancestor looked a little bit like a crocodile. And that ancestor lay eggs as well. And so dinosaurs lay eggs because their ancestors lay eggs. And they really had no reason to change from laying eggs. So of course, birds today do because dinosaurs did because the dinosaur ancestors did. My name is Audrey. And I live in Arlington, Virginia. And I'm five years old. What are
dinosaurs eggs made out of? Dinosaur eggs are probably made of the same thing that bird eggs are.
So basically just made out of calcium or kind of a calcium sort of complex. And so dinosaur eggs
from what we know in the fossil record probably very similar to bird eggs, except they were probably a little bit thicker because dinosaur eggs a lot of them were a lot bigger than bird eggs today.
“Some bird eggs like an ostrich egg are pretty thick, right? You wouldn't necessarily break them”
by just squeezing it in your hand. So maybe kind of like that? Yeah. So we're pretty sure that we know the dinosaur eggs were hard. So there are some reptiles that actually have soft eggs like turtle eggs or soft. But dinosaurs were probably hard like a bird egg. And the bigger they are probably the thicker that eggshell was. Did you hear Emily Bamforth say we're pretty sure we know that dinosaur eggs were hard? They don't know for certain because eggs aren't preserved
very easily. But they're learning things all the time about dinosaurs and what they looked like and how they moved and behaved. There are a lot of things still to learn. We have lots and lots of questions about dinosaurs and this is why it's great to be paleontologists. There's no shortage of questions. So one of the big ones that I'm dealing with in my research right now is trying to tell a difference between a male and a female dinosaur. It's really, really hard to do because unlike
mammals where if you look at a mammal skeleton it's kind of easy to tell a male from a female because the hips are different. But dinosaurs late eggs. There's actually very little difference between the hips of male and female dinosaurs and we just don't have enough skulls and of skeletons to really know which skull is a male skull and which skull is a female skull. So where I work here we have a big bone bed of an animal called apachirinosaurus and we have a bunch of skulls and even though
we've got a bunch of skulls we still can't tell the males from the females and that's something we'd really like to do because that would tell us about how these if we have a herd of dinosaurs like is it males and females and equal are they like elephants where it's like mostly females in the group and you know they just have one big male with them so these things we don't know. So a lot of that behavioral aspect of dinosaurs we would like to know more about. It's it's really hard to study
in the fossil record and of course we're looking for new dinosaurs. There's between kind of 700 thousand species of dinosaurs known today but if you think of how many animals species are on the planet today we know that there's tens of thousands of more dinosaur species that we know nothing about so we would love to find those as well. So there's still lots and lots of questions dinosaur skin is another one like the color of dinosaurs. We we know a little bit about like the
feather dinosaurs what color they were but things like triceratops, T-Rex we still don't know very much about colors there either. So there's still lots and lots of questions out there. You're in Alberta Canada is that hotspot for dinosaurs? Yeah so Alberta is known for its
Dinosaur fossils and it actually has the same kind of the same sort of rocks ...
like Montana and Wyoming and the Dakota's. And the reason that there are fossils there is
“is basically because of an ancient C-way they used to cut through the middle of North America and”
dinosaurs used to live on the coast of that C-way and because that was a good place to live if you were dinosaur but it was also a good place to die if you wanted to get fossilized. That's why those areas actually have a lot of dinosaur bones but there are fossils everywhere. Certainly everywhere in North America. You may not find dinosaurs but you might find things like Ice Age mammals, you might find fossil fish, fossil shells, fossil leaves so pretty much every area of
North America has got fossils of some kind. So you just really kind of have to know what you're looking for. You mentioned the Pecky Renaissance. Can you tell us about Big Sam who is one
Pecky Renaissance that you have helped to go? Big Sam is the the first skull that has been collected
from our bone bed here. It's called the Pipe Stone Creek Bone Bed. It was the first skull collected in almost 20 years and it was really cool to find because it was it's huge. It's a huge skull for a Pecky Renaissance and it's relatively complete so pretty much the whole head is there. If you were holding it how big is it? It's about a meter and a half long and Pecky Renaissance have a big huge bone bump over their nose called a boss so the boss is
almost a meter wide as well. So this thing is absolutely enormous. So you couldn't pick it up by yourself without worrying about dropping it. Oh no. It weighs almost 500 pounds. So it was it was a big job to get it out of the ground. We had to use a like a shop crane and then we needed like a hydraulic lift to get it off the ground and it took us probably the better part of two years to actually get to get out of the bone bed and now it's currently in our our preparation lab.
It'll be probably another 12 months or so before it's ready to be displayed and to be studied.
“But yeah, I've certainly one of the coolest things I think I've ever found in the whole bed.”
Was this big big giant skull? What does it feel like when you start to think oh I think that's yes it is oh my gosh it is something like what does it feel like in your body? So it is actually like like a adrenaline rush. Like you know your heart is pounding and you get so, so excited. And remember when we found Big Sam because the skull was actually flipped upside down. So the roof of the mouth was pointing up and that's not a way you expect to find a skull and we found a few
little bits and pieces and we thought it was it was just isolated bits of skull that were kind of scattered around and then I remember towards the end of the season we found the palette like the roof of the mouth and it was connected to all of these things and we're like this is actually a real skull like a skull that is put together and again it is it is an adrenaline rush like like hard is pounding and it's it's so, so exciting and then you step back and we're like oh well
now we actually have to get this thing out of the ground without breaking it which is the next step.
“Can you imagine being the person like Emily who finds a dinosaur skull and then gets to work on it?”
And once it's out of the ground there's still so much studying to be done and research to connect that one animal skull to what's known about this type of dinosaur or to learn something new that's
never been realized before. No wonder so many of us are fascinated by dinosaurs and want to be
paleontologists when we grow up. There is still so much to discover about the world that existed millions and millions of years before we did. That's it for this episode. Thanks to Dr. Emily Bamforth Museum curator at the Philip J. Curry Dinosaur Museum in Alberta, Canada. As always if you have a question about anything, have an adult record you asking it on a smartphone using an app like Voice Memos, then have them email the file to [email protected].
But why is produced by Sarah Bake, Melody Baudet and me, Jane Lindholm at Vermont Public and Distributed by PRX. Our video producer is Joey Palombo and our theme music is by Luke Reynolds. If you like our show please have your adults help you give us a thumbs up or a review on whatever podcast platform you use to listen to us. It helps other kids and families find us. We'll be back in two weeks with an all new episode. Until then, stay curious.
