Essentials: Tools for Setting & Achieving Goals | Dr. Emily Balcetis

I'm Andrew Hubertman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr. Emily Bell Chettis. Well, thanks for being here. That's my pleasure. Yeah, I've been looking forward to this for a long time because as a vision scientist,

it's also very interested in real-life tools and goal setting and motivation. Your work lands squarely in the middle of those interests. Just to kick things off, you could tell us just a little bit about goal setting and goal retrieval.

“What's the deal with vision and motivation? How do those two things link up?”

Totally. When psychologists ask people, like, "How are you doing to help make progress on your goals?"

They say all kinds of things. A couple of things always pop to the top, which is, you know, self-pip talks.

Or, I remind myself of how important it is to do this job or put up post-it notes around to constantly be nagging me about what I need to do. All of that takes a lot of time and effort and commitment, and so what a surprise that people burn out. Right? It's exciting to work on a goal. When you first set it, you might make some initial progress. But then eventually we get, you know, not even to the halfway point, but before things get real, things are challenging and we fall by the wayside. So then, you know, with my team, I was trying to think of, like, "Well, what are strategies that don't require as much effort?

That we can automate? That we can take advantage of what's already happening within ourselves, within our body, within our mind, that might overcome one of those challenges?" And that's when we started to land on the idea of vision. And we thought, you know, what there are strategies that we can use to look at the world in a different way and that we can automate that might help us to overcome some obstacles to make progress on our goals, to maybe literally see opportunities that we hadn't been able to see before.

You've published a number of studies in this area, but maybe you could highlight some of the more important findings in the area of how people can adjust their vision in order to meet goals more quickly and more efficiently.

So, you know, we started thinking about what are the goals that are most important to people that they struggle with the most.

And regardless of where you look, or who you ask, or when you ask it, people's number one goal is something related to their health, right? So one of the first things that I did was go over to Brooklyn. There's a couple of armories all around the burrows here around New York City. And the one in Brooklyn in particular is now YMCA. Somebody had invited me a physical therapist said, "Hey, you should come out and check out what's happening here with your interest in exercise and trying to find new ways of helping people, new tactics that they can add to their tool belt."

“I think you're going to find some interesting people that are working out there. Who, as it turns out, are some of the fastest runners in the world?”

Like, you know, one of the people that was in the last Olympics before I showed up, when the gold medal for the 400 meter. I thought, when these people are running, I bet they are like hyper aware of everything that's going on in their surroundings. Where are they relative to the competition? What's happening in their peripheral vision? What's going on on the side? Who's behind them? Who's in front of them? They probably have this like master sense, this master visual plan at any point in time, and that's what probably makes them elite.

So I want to sort of asking them, "Is that the case? Do you really pay attention to what's in your surroundings? What's behind you? What's on the side?" They said, "No," like all of them said, "No," and sometimes when I do do that, it's a mistake. So that was surprising. We're totally winning against my intuition about what they do that likely contributes to their success. What they said instead was that they are hyper focused. They assume this narrowed focus of attention, almost like a spotlight is shining on a target.

Now, when they're running a short distance at target, it might literally be the finish line, the line that they're trying to cross. But it's a longer distance they set sub-goals, like the person, the shorts on the person up ahead that they're trying to be, or they choose some sort of stable landmark, like a sign that they would pass by. It's like a spotlight is shining just on that, or like they have blinders on the sides of their face, that's all they're paying attention to.

“And I thought, well, that's something we can play with, right? They are elite and they are accomplished. So then we started thinking, "Okay, what about people who aren't competitive runners?”

Is this a tactic we can teach people?" The answer is yes. You can tell people about what these Olympic athletes are doing.

Imagine that there's a spotlight shining just on a target, choose something up ahead. The stop sign, two blocks up that you can, you can just see. And imagine that you have blinders on so that you're not really paying attention to the people that are passing by or the buildings or the garbage cans or the trucks that are on the road. You know, tune those out and focus in on that target until you hit it and then choose another one, right? So to recalibrate, choose the next goal. Now one of the first studies that we did was teach that strategy and juxtapose or compare it against a group that we said just look around naturally.

You know, you might see that finish line up ahead and there's things on the periphery. Whatever your eyes want to do, whatever you think is going to work best, feel free to do that and tell us what you're looking at.

But possible, we put ankle weights on that accounted for about 15% of their body weight, told them to lift their knees up, sort of high stepping to a finish line.

“So this would be challenging for them to do.”

But we said, you know, it's an indicator of overall health and fitness. Some of these people had narrowed their focus of attention and some were just looking more expansively or naturally. And what we found is that those people that we trained every day normal people doing this, this moderately challenging exercise. They were able to move 27% faster. They could do the exercise more quickly and they said it hurt 17% less. Everybody was in the same sort of circumstance, but yet their experience was really different.

So we were really excited about that, right, because it meant that this strategy, we could use it on people who are not elite athletes. It could be easily adopted, a quick training session, right, can teach people to look at the world in a different way. Again, this narrowed attention was different than whatever they do naturally, the comparison group. But it had a big outcome. It had a big difference on the way that they were engaged in the exercise. Are they focusing on a specific point or is it kind of the entire horizon of that goal? Because the finish line is indeed a line.

In our interviews with people, our sort of focus group studies, it seems like it's more like a circular point. And that's in fact what we're teaching people, what we're training them to do, so rather than going broadly looking across a line from left to right. We are encouraging them to like imagine a circle of light that's shining on some target. Now of course a finish line is a line, but if they're staying in their lane, if they're on a track, right, you can imagine that there is that there is a circle shining just on where in their lane, they'll cross that finish line or if it's a stop sign, you could imagine a circle of light illuminating that.

“So that's what we're teaching people to use and that's what seems to be effective to maintain that focus, rather than sort of being pulled to engage with peripheral vision.”

And there's some amazing people, some runners in history, like Joan Benwann Samuelsen, she's one of the first female marathon competitors who is one multiple marathons, she's Canadian, I think she's one feel free to correct me like 10 marathons in her life. And she talks about sort of not assuming this like this wide but but narrow wide but not deeper tall. A intentional focus, she talks about like finding the shorts and somebody ahead of me and focusing on those shorts until she passes them and then resetting that goal.

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The most pressing question I have in my mind is, "Can we, I, all of us, use this strategy to make the starting line a goal point?" Because for a lot of people, it's not about going from start to finish, it's about getting to start.

“Is there any physiology or physiological changes I should say to reflect the idea that maybe just visually focusing on the start line would actually get me more excited as opposed to make me less excited to engage in effort?”

There's certainly vision science that's tied up in that very first stage of goal setting.

Identifying what that goal is in the first place and taking those first steps. A lot of people's go-to strategies that involve vision boards or dream boards or post-it notes, right? They're creating some sort of visual representation of what it is that they want to accomplish. Almost like a scrapbook, collect visual icons that reflect where you want to be to motivate yourself. It's a really common tactic. That's effective for identifying what you want.

But it may not actually be effective for helping you to meet the goal to get the job done.

Why is just thinking about what you want in your life and sort of putting yourself vicariously into those shoes? Imagine what my life will be like if I can accomplish everything on this list.

Why doesn't that work? Well, first of all, does it work? The answer is no, and why does it not work?

Because what happens--these colleagues Gabrielle Oton-Gen and her and her research team have found--is that, you know, going through and dreaming about or visualizing how great my life will be when I get X, Y, and Z done? That is like a goal satisfied. I have identified what it is that I want. I have experienced it even if just in an imaginary way, I've had that positive experience of thinking about

“how great my life is going to be when I get this thing done. And this starts to sort of rest on their laurels.”

She's actually measured systolic blood pressure and heart rate. And they found that people who do that, who go through that experience of visualizing how great my life will be when I get X, Y, and Z done, their systolic blood pressure, the bottom number on your blood pressure reading, decreases. Now, I'm all about finding ways to relax, but motivation scientists know that systolic blood pressure is actually an indicator of our body's readiness to get up and act to do something. Now, that can be the going out for a walk, going out for a run, hitting the gym.

It can also be things like doing math problems, right? Even if it's something that's just mental systolic blood pressure actually goes up in anticipation of your body or your mind needing to do something, taking the first steps on a goal. So then it helps us to understand of like, okay, if I've just created this dream board, this vision board, and put myself psychologically in that space of a goal satisfied, why is it bad that blood pressure goes down? Because it means your body is chilling out. It's like, alright, cool.

I just accomplished something pretty major. I'd actually now don't have the physiological resources at the ready to take the first step right now to do something about that. So, so that was a pretty monumental finding for motivation scientists to understand that like creating these dream boards, these vision boards, or to do this might actually backfire, because it ended up in it of itself is the creation of a goal, and the satisfaction of the goal, and then people understand and leave give themselves some time to just enjoy that positive experience.

Everything you're saying again is consistent with what we know about the physiology of dopamine circuits for motivation. I have a good friend who perhaps incidentally, perhaps not, is a cardiologist at a major university, said that one of the major errors that people make with bookwriting and completion is they will tell people they're going to write a book, and people will say, oh, you definitely should write a book, everyone's going to love your book,

and they never end up writing it, and his theory is that they get so much dopamine reward from that immediate feedback

with all the protection of never having the book criticized that they never write the book.

“I'm sure there are exceptions to this, but I guess it raises the question, what's the better strategy?”

Yeah, so I'm not saying that people who enjoy a dream board creation should stop what they're doing, but the process of goal setting shouldn't stop with articulating what the goal is. So, at that same point that we're trying to figure out what do we want to do, what is my vision for the future? In those planning sessions, we need to simultaneously think about a couple other things. One is, how are we going to get there?

So, take it out of the abstract, take it out of this idyllic visual iconography, and start thinking about the practical day-to-day. We need to break it down into more manageable goals, not just my tenure planned for myself, but my two-week plan. What can I accomplish in the next two weeks and the two weeks after? That's going to set me on the right trajectory. I plan big picture, think big picture, abstractly, but then also break it down more concretely.

“That's probably not surprising, but it's an important aspect of the goal setting process.”

Then, again, Gabrielle Oden-Gen and my department has identified a third often overlooked or underappreciated stage that has to happen at that goal setting process. And that's thinking about the obstacles that stand in your way of success. And that will actually help improve motivation in the long run. Sometimes you'll think that that is counterintuitive. If I want to increase my motivation, have more motivation than I need to think about how hard it's going to be, all the ways that I'm going to fail.

Because it's like coming up with a plan B, a plan C, plan D, in advance of actually experiencing that. If you were on a boat and the boat started to sink, that's not the time you want to start looking for life jackets, you already want to know where one is, so you can go to it right away.

And it's the same thing with goal setting, is that you want to know what are my working towards, how I'm going to get there and if I experience this obstacle, here's what I'm going to do about it.

You may never experience that obstacle, but if you do, you're probably going to be shy on time, in non-resources, maybe experiencing an anxiety that hijacks your brain, so you're not functioning at that optimal level of judgment decision making.

We are not going to do our best thinking when we're in crisis mode, but we don't have to, if we have used, if we have already used our resources in advance to come up with that plan B or that plan C.

“Michael Phelps, like incredible athlete, right?”

This is something that he and his coach have routinely incorporated into their training.

Back in 2008, he was hot for the first time on the International Stage.

It was the Beijing Olympics, Michael Phelps was on the brink of doing something that no one else in the history of the Olympic Games has ever done, which is when eight gold medals in a single Olympiad at the time of this story. He had already won seven, and he had just the 200 fly in front of him before he could do what no one else has ever done when the eight gold medal. And the fly is his thing, right? This should have been an easy, like a no-brainer. He's going to win this. He's going to break Olympic history.

As soon as he dove into the pool, his goggles started to leak. And by the time he had done three lengths of the pool, he just had to flip around and come back to the starting line/finish line back to the edge.

By the time that happened, his goggles were completely filled with water and he was swimming blind.

I would have panicked, I would have sunk to the bottom of the pool. I wouldn't have been in the pool to be honest, like I'm not a swimmer, definitely not going to be in the Olympics. But for him, he didn't. It wasn't a moment of panic, like it probably would have been for nearly every other person in that situation. Because he had foreshadowed that kind of possible failure. He had imagined that obstacle hitting him in advance and not even just imagined it, but practiced it.

What will we do? He routinely practiced swimming with his goggles, not fully secured on his face.

Coach notoriously would rip the goggles off of his head, smash him on the ground for maybe dramatic effect or something.

So that he didn't even have any goggles possible to grab as he's in practice. So because he had foreshadowed that possibility and the solution, if my goggles start to leak, then I will do, in his case, start counting my strokes, then I'll make it through. He knew exactly how many strokes it would take from him to get from one end of the pool to the other, started counting his strokes. He won that race, the 200 fly, one is a gold medal and you'd go on to win 15 more in his career.

“So we might not all be swimmers, we might not all aspire to Olympic level performance, but I love that example because I think it helps sort of demystify or give us an alternative perspective on the importance.”

And the motivational reasons why thinking about obstacles and advance thinking about the ways the two, three, four ways that your plan might go awry is actually effective at helping us to overcome the obstacle that might otherwise lead us to throw in the towel. So I do think that there's great power in thinking about our visual experience alongside other tactics that we might use for meeting our goals. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now. I discovered it way back in 2012 long before I ever had a podcast and I've been taking it every day since.

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Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral one.com/huberman to get six free travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription. I have a question and to be honest, I know the answer in advance, but I'd love for you to tell us a bit about how unfit people view the world versus how fit people view the world or how unmotivated people visually. Visually seeing the world as opposed to highly motivated people.

“Maybe you could describe that study, I think it's a particularly important one.”

Mostly because yes, it identifies a perhaps a physiological or psychological difference between motivated and unmotivated or fit and unfit people. But it also provides a path to remedy that. Yeah, so out of my lab, but also out of several other labs, there's been more clicking at that relation between states of the body and visual experiences. They haven't necessarily tried to integrate the motivation science element to it, but they were looking to see The visual experiences change as a function of different states of our bodies, so they looked at people who experience chronic fatigue.

What happens to their perceptions of the environment?

“What they find is that distances look further to those that are overweight, chronically tired, older, rather than younger, weighted down with extra baggage.”

Distances look further and hills look steeper. We've done some of those studies too, where we try to give people more energy or deprive them of energy and see does that change their perception of space. They do this a lot in medical studies. You give somebody a drug and you give somebody a placebo, a sugar pill, and then importantly, nobody really knows who's got what until you've analyzed all the data and the results are revealed that these are the people that had the drug, the active agent. Same idea and the psychological research.

In this case, what we did is give people cool aid to drink, and for some people that cool aid was sweetened with sugar and actual caloric entity, it could give them energy.

Other people drink cool aid, sweetened with splenda. So yeah, it's sweet, but it actually doesn't have any caloric value. You're not giving people energy, you're just giving them that experience of sweetness. Now, some people of course are really good at identifying what's real sugar and what's splendid. But when you put it into cool aid, a pretty noxious powder.

It actually masked it for everybody and nobody had any idea.

We asked them to guess what they got.

We tested them afterwards and they were wrong.

“So nobody was able to guess with accuracy what was your drink sweetened with, which is important because they were blind.”

The way that scientists used it, they didn't know what it was that they were drinking. We give them about 10 to 15 minutes for that sugar to metabolize, and we measured their circulating blood glucose levels to make sure that we had, in fact, to give in their body, circulating glucose energy that they might use in the next activity. And, and the researcher again didn't know whether they had just served sugar or splendor. Then we asked people to estimate distance.

So we gave some people more energy, or we kept others sort of at whatever their normal level was. And what we found is that those people who didn't even know it, but who had been given more energy by drinking, who laid sweetened with sugar, perceived their space as more constricted. That visual illusion of proximity was induced. They felt that they're finished lying again in the context of an exercise task was closer to them. So in just the same way that these other physiology labs, vision science physiology labs found that people who are chronically tired who don't have, don't feel like they have as much energy.

Or those that are physically weighted down and for whom moving within an environment is more costly. We could create that experience for people. We did an experimental version of that. That if you have more energy, the world looks easier. The distance is to a finish line don't look as far. So that was something the experimental evidence that we had to show that people states their body do impact their visual experience. Now, I'm a motivation researcher. So for me, the big question is, well, what's the point of that study then besides just showing this connection between the body and the eyes and the visual experience.

We think that that's fundamental to one of the reasons that people experience difficulty when they're exercising when it's really harder for your body because of its physical state. To move within a space, you might say, well, why don't they just go exercise because the world looks harder to them. Because that distance that that they're supposed to walk because a doctor tells them to or that a partner encourages them to or a hill that they should hike up because someone told them that would be good for their health.

It looks more challenging to them than it does to somebody who isn't who isn't who isn't better physical health. Now, if it looks that way, if it looks harder, if it feels like it might be harder, then psychologically we know that it is. When you have set yourself up psychologically mentally for that kind of failure experience, I don't know that I have the resources that to get this job done. This, this looks really hard. You're already motivationally in a place for this task to be closer to impossible for you.

So to put it all together then, what we know is that people whose bodies might make it more challenging for them to exercise are seeing the world in a more challenging way. And that is having these downstream motivational and psychological effects that makes it less likely for them to try to take on the task in the first place or to experience it as harder than than other people would or do. Is the solution the same, however, meaning if these people are taught to adjust their visual goal line or to set a visual spotlight on an intermediate goal.

“Can they overcome some of this challenge that they face simply by virtue of their skewed perception?”

Yes, so in all of the studies that we have done looking at that connection between this narrowed focus of attention and improvements in exercise, we do not find that it only works for the people who are in shape or that it backfires for people who are out of shape.

And what do you focus on? And that visually induces the same kind of illusion for everybody regardless of whether you're overweight or you're at your target weight.

Or if you're struggling to get there or you've already accomplished where you want to be. That visual illusion can be induced for everybody and it has the same kinds of consequences.

“Are there any studies looking at how adrenaline or epinephrine or any other stimulants impact motivation?”

If you actually are more physiologically aroused or jazzed or whatever, you know, amped up. Or you just think you are in our studies. We have found that they work in the same way that it can produce the same kinds of consequences. And I like that because it tells us that you can actually change the state of your body to induce these kinds of experiences. Or you can just think that you can trick yourself. You can pull a sebo effect yourself out and produce the same kinds of effects. I had to give up coffee like 12 years ago. Not because not for any. I love the taste. And so decaf is my jam.

But I can't drink the caffeine because it didn't actually do the thing that it does for so many other people. Like make me feel more energized and more awake. I just got sweaty and jittery and anxious and I couldn't focus. And it happened to marry the same kind of person. He also can't drink caffeine, but loves the taste of coffee. The interesting thing is that we both have to have coffee in the morning to feel like we're ready to go for the day. So it's just part of our routine or whatever to have that taste and have that sensation to feel like I'm ready to take on the day.

Even though I mean, yeah, decaf still has some caffeine in it, but we're not drinking that much of it to probably actually create a caffeinated experience in our body. But we're tricking ourselves psychologically into doing that thing that in years past used to work for us both. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor better help. Better help offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online. So I've been doing therapy for a very long time and I can tell you that it's a lot like physical workouts.

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“Is there any example or tactic that people could use to better approach cognitive goals of school?”

Work. But that don't exist in fitness and sports domain. A couple years ago, when I was writing the book, I also had a child. The same month that I had the opportunity to pull all this research together is the same month that my son came to be. And I started to realize I became a lot less interesting.

Once he was around, he was fascinating, but I was changing diapers and feeding him. And that was it. People would come over, like, "What's up? Have you been? Tell me something that's going on in your life?" And all I had to talk about was this boring. And I just felt like, "I've lost myself. I used to pride myself on the crazy adventures and problems I would get myself in." And I was a great storyteller.

And that all of a sudden disappeared as soon as he came into the world because he became my world. So then I started thinking, "I need to pull back some coolness." And if I ever had it in the first place, but I need to be a cooler person than I'm coming across right now. So I decided, "I want to learn to play drums." And I want to be like, "One hit wonder as a rock star drummer."

So that's a goal that I set for myself at the same time that my son came into this world when I was also trying to think about goal setting. And how to improve my ability and all of our ability to get a job done when you're faced with some pretty big obstacles. So I got to practice all these techniques that we're talking about on myself and see for myself.

“When I tell people, "Hey, try this thing," like narrowed focus of attention, does it help with something like becoming a better drummer?”

And the answer is, "Yeah, these techniques, at least work for me, sometimes under some circumstances."

And they do for other people who try them for other goals that aren't necessarily about exercise. One that I found particularly helpful was overcoming my bad memory, that everybody's memories are faulty. Everybody has sort of a warped perception of the past. It might be skewed more positively than maybe we deserve or might be skewed more negatively.

or I think the mistakes that you've made are the things that the social faux paws that you had,

or challenges that you faced at work when you got in trouble with a boss or with a colleague,

“if that's what really stands out in your mind, or the good side of all of those possibilities,”

we probably aren't getting the world right. And that is something that our brain has evolved, to give us a faulty memory, to level and sharpen, to not encode, and remember, and be able to recall everything that we've experienced with accuracy and precision. And that's a problem when it comes to assessing our own goal progress. When we want to be our own accountant and try to determine, "How are we doing?"

If I want to become a drummer, am I on track for getting there before X before my time runs out? Am I going to make it or not? And I think that's an experience whether they want to be a drummer or not, that a lot of people can resonate with, like, trying to determine, "Is this trajectory? Is this rate of progress going to get the job done by X amount of time?"

Well, I have my swimsuit body by summer, or, "Well, I save enough for retirement,

by the time I hit 65." For these goals, where time is involved, and there is a deadline, we do take moments to assess our trajectory. And if we just rely on our memory, we're probably going to do a bad job of assessing that trajectory, of knowing whether we're on pace, to meeting our deadline. And I found that to be the case, as I was thinking about, "Am I actually going to be able to learn this song?" I mean, I know that it's going a lot slower than it probably would for anybody else.

But to give myself a deadline and a commitment, I decided I was going to put on a show. I was going to invite everybody I knew, and also people I didn't know. And I was going to play my one song for them. So in the process of figuring out, "Am I going to be able to play this show?" I sent out invitations, like the date is committed, like, "People are coming to listen

to my one song. God bless them. How is it going to go?" And it felt awful. It just felt like I am not making progress here. Because there's a lot more things that actually are pressing. The kid does need to get fed. I do have to go to my day job. The editor is asking for the next draft of this book.

And that is going to take precedence, like it does for so many people. That things command your band with, even when you have this goal that you've committed to and that you've got on the books. And so I just felt this looming anxiety about this goal that would require, you know, like, didn't have to be daily practice, but like, you can't, you can't cram that kind of a goal.

It does take, you know, committed investment for a sustained period of time. And so I had this looming anxiety that I'm not making good enough progress. But that's because I was relying on my memory and my brain to recall, like,

“how many times did you practice? What was it like the last time you practiced?”

What was it like when you tried to play this bit, you know, or this riff, like, two weeks ago, have you gotten any better since then? And it just felt like, no, I haven't practiced enough. I don't remember when the last time I played was, but it definitely doesn't feel like I'm getting any better. Then I thought, you know what? I should stop relying on my brain to tell me where am I at?

And is is am I on an upward slope here? I need to look at the data. I love data, scientists love data. So I started to click data on myself. What I did was download this app that a friend had told me about called the reporter app. There's lots of these kinds of things out there.

Basically, it just sets up your phone to randomly ping you with whatever questions you want your phone to ask.

It records your answers. You can download the data. You can make pretty graphs to see am I getting? Well, what's my change and how I've answered these questions over time? So I did that for a month. I had my phone ask me, you know, a couple times a day, did you practice? Since last time I asked you, my phone says, did you practice?

If mostly it was no, and if yes, then it would funnel a couple other questions. Like, how did you do? How do you feel? Check a couple different emotion words now about your experience when you played. And I did that for a month after a month went into my office, downloaded the data.

“And first took stock before I looked at the numbers of like, how do I think I did over the last month?”

And I thought same as every other month, I didn't really get anywhere. Yeah, I practiced, but I still feel awful. But what I found from the data was my memory was totally wrong. I actually had practiced far more times than I remembered. And when I looked at like my emotion words that I used, it was a clear upward trajectory. Yeah, I did cry.

Part of I hadn't misremembered or made up. But by the end of that month, like I had gotten a compliment from my husband who actually is a drummer. And so like, hey, that wasn't that bad. All of which is to say, I needed to see to collect that data on myself and to look at it objectively, accurately and completely, because my brain wasn't doing that for me.

That visual experience of downloading that data and looking at what was my actual experience. Give me a better insight as I was trying to assess the trajectory of my progress. I became a more accurate accountant of my own progress, which is important for setting goals or resetting them

Fantastic. Well, you've given us a ton of mechanistic and conceptual and practical information.

“So I'm speaking for a lot of people when I say thank you for taking the time out of your schedule.”

And it's kids in running a lab and teaching at the University and we hope to have you back again.

Thank you so much. It's a great conversation.

Thank you.

“But what I wanted to do today wasn't to study the whole studio.”

The master by Dr. Gleptopücher Software Handy Internet.

So master is really great. I mean, you can say that you can do it.

“Yes, you're right. But you can't do that.”

But you can't do that. egal, it's just a challenge. Make it just like this story. And if you then do it, you'll have it. That's it?

Save, like this story. Hold it, thank you. Now it's time to go out.