Cosmic Queries – Gravitons & Hyperspeed

Or they're trying to get us to do their grads with working on this stuff. We'll do their physics homework. One of the other is true.

“Coming up on Start Talk, Cosmic queries, grab back.”

A lot of physics in this edition. Welcome to Start Talk. You're placing the universe where science and pop culture collide. Start Talk, begin right now. This is Start Talk.

You know, the grass Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. It's a Cosmic queries, grab back. And you know what that means Chuck Nights is right here. That's right. Alright, Chuck.

The fan favorite. It's a fan favorite. It is a fan favorite. It is a fan favorite. The people love the grab back.

Why?

You know, we have all these amazing guests in Nobel Laureates.

Yeah? And they keep coming back for the grab back. They're grabbing by the query. And Chuck, we still got just smart enough. Sit on our YouTube channel.

That is correct. That is a science, all science comedy bit. Yeah. And guess what? Thank you guys.

Everybody's watching it. Getting a lot of great feedback. It's my comedy special. It's on the Start Talk, me and YouTube channel. We love it.

Please, check it out. It's pushing through half a million views. So we're feeling good about it. Feeling good. Alright.

So this is Sumi Sharma. As Sumi says, while writing my bike, I noticed the dynamo that generates light every time I pedal.

“I think it converts rotational energy into electricity.”

In space, things stay in motion. What if we rotate a turbine that keeps rotating forever,

generating loads of electricity that we can send back to earth?

Or have big solar fields? Why don't we generate electricity in this way? So two separate things. Two separate things. Three separate things.

Let's start with the bicycle. Okay. I think what she's probably referring to is one of these devices that leans up against the wheel. No.

That's a generator. But what you talking about that? She's talking about, you clip it onto your wheel. And then when the wheel spins, it lights up. That's all it does is light up.

Yeah. But there's also the thing you're talking about, which is the same thing you click it on. Right. It rotates a little bit.

We don't want the wheel turn by there. And that turns the turbine. Right. And that also creates electricity for a lot. Okay.

So let's go back to the middle 19th century. Okay. Michael Faraday. Yes.

“He might be the most important person many people have never heard of.”

Because he invented a way to make electricity. That's right. All right. He saw a wire. And he connected a wire to a little meter.

The meter's not doing anything. Took the wire past it through a magnetic field. Yeah. Didn't just have it sit there. He moved it.

And the wire went like that. The meter went. He created current in the wire by passing it through a magnetic field. Okay. So.

And that was a odd little toy that he made. And he showed it around. So this is charming. What? A little trick, Michael.

Yeah. It's a trick. And there's a rumored comment. Where you know, someone like to visit the parliament, whoever there's in England. Uh, what value is this to the British Empire?

Indeed. You know, I'm wasting a ton of money. You know, you expect us to lose valuable fences and pounds. Achilles. No we don't.

Achilles. And so the reply rumored was, I don't know of what value this will be to the British Empire. But I know that one day you will tax it.

If that was against it, that is amazing.

Yeah. That is amazing. What a great state. And there's another statement in the same vein. And I don't know if he really said this.

But it's attributed. Another one said, well, what value? What good is this? And he says, of what value to the world is a newborn baby. Oh.

Well, you lose that argument because the value is nothing. No. No. It's what value will it one day be? One day be.

That's the whole point. That's the exact animal. And that's true. Because there's still be nothing. And that is how all electricity is still made today.

That's right. All electricity through motion. Through motion. Okay. Yeah.

It turns a turbine. Turbine. Right. Is wires passing through a magnetic field. And it creates electricity every time.

And I don't care where you are in the world. That's how you get in your electricity. Okay. That's why windmills. It's wind turbines.

There's steam turbines. It's the steam. That just creates something to say. That's all it does. It goes through it.

That's what it is. And dams. Right. Where they let the water go through. Yep.

It's turning. It's turning a turbine. Even geothermal. They use the heat from the Earth itself to heat water to make steam.

It's turning a turbine. It's turning a turbine. It's turning a turbine. It's turning a turbine.

“It's not turbines just to warm your home.”

No. Because you can do something with the geothermal. But you can warm your home with geothermal. Right. But you're not generating electricity to do so.

Right. Yeah. Okay. So now different from that. You have solar panels.

Right. Where the energy is already there. It's called the sun, baby. Okay. You got it.

It's a solar collector. You have your photovoltaic cells. Correct. And that converts the sunlight directly into electricity. And so yeah, we can do that in space.

China has a plan to put a big ring and do exactly what Sunmet is asking to do. I don't know if it's a ring, but they're going to put up a solar farm in space. Well, that's the second thing they're doing. So they have a ring that they're going to do when you're talking about the ring. The ring is the latest thing that they're going to bring on.

They want to put a ring on it. That's why they put a ring on it. So when you're in space, if you're far enough out, then there is no nighttime. Right. Because you're not making electricity with sunlight at night.

And nor are you making electricity in daytime under clouds. Correct. Then no clouds. And there's no nighttime if you're far enough out in space.

You can always point stuff to the floor.

They would then convert it to microwaves, beam them back down to earth to a place that will receive it. And it's free electricity. And here we are talking about drill baby drill. Still digging oil out of ground. And they are talking about putting solar arrays in space.

And we like criticizing that them because they far and away are the largest cold burning cold burning country. So it's easy to criticize that putting a blind eye to what they're actually doing to get ready for the future. They have coal in China, but they still need more. They don't have oil so they need to import that. Guess what you can import.

And you're going to own it outright. The sun does sound okay. And people are like, oh, solar power is not, it's not really viable. And I'm like, it's 93 million miles away. And if you lay your ass on the beach, it will burn you.

You will tell me that it's not. Anyway, I'm stupid. There's the evidence that there's something. So, so there you have it. There you go.

To me. All right. Thank you for the way to go. Wait to get us to think it. All right.

This is Syrunds. Syrunds. Syrunds, don't make me come over and read that for you. Don't make me Syrunds. Don't make me grab this.

I think it's Syrunds. Okay, I go. He says in sunshine, you said that if the sun were about to run out of fuel and collapse any amount of atomic bombs wouldn't matter.

“But what if we could put giant rockets on Jupiter and throw it into the sun?”

Would that buy more life for the sun? You're doing so. This guy is dead. He's he's my doctor even. He's Lex Lufler.

Exactly. I'm putting rockets on Jupiter. I don't know what he's remembering that I said.

Maybe I said it wrong or never remember.

He's what he's trying to talk about. He's clear. Here's what I'm saying. Here's what I'm saying. When the sun runs out of hydrogen in its core.

Right. Then the furnace turns off. Right. To run out of it means at the place in the sun where it's hot enough to fuse hydrogen. They've run out of hydrogen.

That's it. Okay. All right, hydrogen is everywhere else in the sun is not hot enough to fuse it. Exactly. If you could find a way to stir the contents of the sun.

Bring outer layers down into the middle. Convair belt style, you could see this nuclear engine with an essentially unlimited amount of hydrogen. Right. The amount of hydrogen participating in the sun's generation of energy. I forgot one percent.

I mean, it's tiny. Right. The sun is made of hydrogen. Yes. 90% of the sun is to eight percent helium.

Two percent. Other. Okay. Good. Because I'm like, what?

Two percent. Other. I thought it was just. Yeah, and it's mostly hydrogen and helium. So that would be the way to prolong the life of the sun.

In fact, there's star clusters in space, obviously, where they're all born at the same time.

And so you expect them to evolve synchronously in a way that the high mass stars die first, the lower mass stars by second.

There are some clusters where there's a star that should have died long ago and didn't. Ooh. It's called a blue straggler. A blue thread. Blue straggler.

I remember when this was started.

“I never forget the time when this was over here.”

The stars can hang it out longer than it should have in that diagram of the cluster. Right. Okay. It was in my time in graduate school with people figured out what that was.

Well, a blue straggler is two stars that collided.

“Stirring up their material, giving each other new energy.”

That's right. So what I did was I found myself another star. I kind of like the Keith Riches' star. He's got a young star over here that took his energy. I wanted to keep Richard.

I wanted to keep Richard. Oh, that's super cool. So we know the stirring up would work. Because these stars live longer than they did than they're supposed to. They're supposed to.

So you throw Jupiter in. That'll help a little. Okay. But Jupiter as big as it is, it's still small compared to the Sun. Be very balanced.

By mass. So maybe we should just find another star system. That's it.

We're talking about five billion years in the future.

If you can't have figure way again in the star. But if we made it that far. By the way, if we do make it that far, let's just call it quits. We're done. If we're here as a species five billion years from now,

we need to be gone. Okay. Anyway. Give the rats a chance. Yes.

I'm Brian Futterman and I support Star Talk on Patreon. This is Star Talk with Neil the Grass Tyson. Alright, here we go. This is David Everett who says Artificial Gravity in movies slash TV confuses me. When a star ship gets hit by a torpedo, the crew tends to fly out of their seats.

“If Artificial Gravity is produced by the ship itself, shouldn't that not happen?”

And if it does happen, shouldn't the crew get splattered on the back wall when the ship goes into warp or hyperspace? Okay. Two separate questions. Two arms. You get hit with a torpedo.

Right. So your Artificial Gravity is creating a force vector mimicking what happens on earth.

And that force vector is always down, down.

Right. Let me be precise. That force vector is always towards the center of the earth. Right. For everyone experiencing that anywhere on earth, it is down.

Right. Okay. Pete Holmes has a gig where he said the comedian. Yeah. I know what he talks about.

Well, wait a minute. If Earth isn't space, then heaven is just away from earth. No matter where you are. No matter where you are. So if you are on one side here, as you can say, I'm going to heaven.

He points out. Or I'm going to heaven over there. Because for someone on earth, that's up. That's up.

“But to any, if I introduce any other force on you, you're going to jump from that.”

Right. You're going to feel it.

Same way you would on earth.

Exactly. Same way you would. Yeah, it's on a bus. And then the bus hits a wall or you'll be jumping. Exactly.

So in space with your gravity vector doing its thing, if you get jolted, you'll get jolted. Okay. Now, we did an explainer on all the levels of acceleration. Yeah. Yeah, it was, it was the, it was the jerk.

The jerk. The, the, the, the, and we ended with snap crackling. Half crackling. That's what it did. Dig that up.

Yeah. You know what that says. Go with that again. It's all the levels of acceleration that can happen to you. Exactly.

So now you're going to go to hyperspace. Hmm. You need some sci-fi focus. Right. To not be splattered on the back wall.

But now you don't need high sci-fi, I hope, sci-fi, Hulk is focused for war because that is. So my bad. My bad. You're absolutely right.

Okay. If you're going to warp space, right. That's, that space doing the work for you. What's going to work for you? And you just step across.

Right. You, you surf it. So that's not a problem. Right. So when they show it.

The way to show it cool is the thing is there. And it's, right. Off at a thing. Right. All right.

That'll kill you. Right. Exactly. Everybody unless if it's dead. [LAUGHTER]

Now kill you. That's all right. All right. Otherwise, you got to find some other way to sort of navigate the space time continuum in ways that shorten your distance from where you are to the destination.

Right. So, yeah. So genuine warp drives. If invoked properly according to manufacturer specs, you should not be a pile of goods.

It shouldn't be a pile of goods. Right. At the end of the night. Right. There's a quick, if I can get morbid for a minute.

Go ahead. All right. There's a scene in the TV series Expans. Oh, I love that. Where there's a, there's a sort of cowboy guy.

Is it? Yes. Okay.

He's okay.

“He's, he's give me a cowboy show off his girlfriend.”

Oh, my god.

He's showing off his maneuver.

He's streaming as he's in this craft. And he's maneuvering. And he's badass. Of course, he's strapped in. When you're in one of these things, you're in a five point harness.

One between your legs, one of each side of your hip, and one across each shoulder. You know what's not harness? Your hand. Your hand.

Yeah. Okay. Okay. That's how Dale Earnhardt died. Yeah.

Okay. He hit an abankment. His head is not restrained. The head keeps going. It's now 160 miles an hour.

Right. And the body stays there because it's strapped in. Yeah. Okay. They're all tamed in now.

Yeah. Yeah. They have a connection to the back. He had that option. At the time.

But he's got his cool school school school.

You're not going to do it. So in the scene in the Expans. He goes through a membrane. Right. Where the space craft stops.

He stopped at the membrane. But he doesn't. Yeah. And it's a pretty graphic. It's a pretty graphic.

It's a pretty graphic. But it's cool. Yeah. It's a good physics. [laughter]

You learn physics. [laughter] That's your physics. That's your physics.

“And they would later say, here's why the craft didn't crumble.”

Right. Because he was going really fast. Yeah. And then stopped on an instant on a dime. Yeah.

All right. That's pretty cool. All right. Very cool. This is Dave Hartman.

He says, hey, where's the gravity particle? Everything else has a particle of some sort. What's the deal? What's gravity? We're looking for it.

Okay. Give us a chance here. Right. But the energy of the gravity ton is really low. And we don't know how to go that low.

Right. Okay. Yeah. That's the problem. Because gravity's like a super weak force.

It is the weakest force in the universe. Right. You know, you want evidence of that? Yeah. Been down to pick up a rock.

[laughter] Okay. The entire earth was insufficient to prevent you from picking up the rock. Right. Think about that.

“Because yeah, the gravity didn't change.”

Okay. That rock is on the ground because of gravity. Do you know what is 42 magnitudes? Power is of 10 stronger than gravity? Electromagnetism.

Oh my God. 42 powers of 10. That's incredible. Which is why you go to one of these magnet doors. You can't open it.

Right. It's true. It's just two plates. You know? Or when you get electrocuted, they can't pry you from the admire.

What? What do you get dark? So I'm sorry. I don't know what my problem is. No, but the door's at a magnet.

The door's at a magnetically locked. Yeah. You can't open those doors. Okay. You know, maybe if you tried really hard, you risk breaking the door.

Me, and that's just, that's just the circuitry in the thing itself. And you have all of earth trying to hold onto the rock. And you know what? And all you do is come by. Just like look at your little girly earth.

Girl. And pick up the rock. So easy. Yeah.

So first we come Arnold Schwarzenegger.

You're going to be here. Here we go. Yeah. So yeah, we presume there's a graviton particle. Right.

corresponding to gravitational waves. Mm-hmm. Just as there are. There's the photon is a particle. Carresponding with waves of light.

Yes. And the electron. Yes. Okay. Electromagnetic.

We're looking for it. Yeah. Just, you know, chill. Get off her ass. Like I'm one of you.

Like I have a steak in this game. I will find a film. Like you got your own exorbitant. Like my own exorbitant, right? I mean, you still look.

Yeah. All right. Here we go. Michael. Delan Morena.

That's good. Yeah. Shouldn't it be Miguel? Michael. Don't talk to me about his name should be.

All right. It's time to dimension or feel. It seems more like a field because it can be affected by gravity. You know, I like that. Yeah.

I like the way. The way he's thinking of time. He's good. [ Laughter ] I like that.

I don't know that I have a good answer for that. The idea that gravity can distort time. Correct. In the way, you know, the way things interact in fundamental physics. They're fields that affect particles, particles that affect fields.

And so that's an intriguing thought. And I might bring that up with Brian Green with Brian Green. Yeah. We're scheduled a session for him. Yeah.

We're going to pick his brain for three hours.

That's going to be a long session.

Yeah. I'm a smoke weed at there. It's stuck. All right. It's a good.

“But it pokes about him how much brain will be left by the time.”

But we're going to get all in it. Yeah. It's a interesting concept. It's a really good concept. Yeah.

But for now, we think of it as a dimension in which we are trapped in the present. Mm-hmm. And you know the rest of my quote there. We are prisoners of the present. Yes.

For ever transitioning between our inaccessible past and our unknowable future. It's a really great quote. It's really good. I'm just saying. That's great.

We're kind of stuck. But you're not stuck in space. You can move this way.

You can jump up and down.

Anyway, you want it? So one day, if we can conquer time, we'll have access to our time, entire time line. Right. I only want to see parts of my timeline. I'm gonna tell you, too.

All right. This is textile with. She says, "Hypithetical Neil, you're given 40 yards of 0.15 millimeter steel wire on a reel with no markings. Mm-hmm. Would you use it as fishing line?"

Mm-hmm. Or listen to the one-minute message it may contain.

“How could you possibly know a contained information?”

Why would there be information in the wire? Why is that even a thought? Okay. By the way, if every part of the wire is identical to every other part, it cannot contain information. Why not?

Because information is this configuration of whatever you have. Right. Is different from this configuration. Is different from that configuration. And the information is contained in the difference in these configurations.

Mm-hmm. That's where you get information. That's where you get information. If it's identical? Right.

There can be no information because it's all the same all the same all the same. It's all the same all the same all the same. Or the only information is giving you is is what's the orientation of the atoms that give you the string. Correct. Okay.

And often that repeats. To be like an abnormally, it's like an crystal, the patterns repeat. Right. So you only have information enough worthy of one of these patterns. Because once it repeats, it's not more information.

It's not more information. Right. So check that's the difference between having two newspapers and two oranges. Aha. Okay.

Right. Two oranges. You got two oranges. Two newspapers. You don't have twice as much information.

Right. You just got two newspapers. They're the same information information. That's okay. Right.

Yeah. So I don't know how information would be embedded in the wire. I don't have to know that in advance to even attempt that. Right.

“But clearly, that's what I would do if I had any suspicion.”

So the answer is go fishing.

No. Right. No. That's not to answer. But it's a steel wire.

It's a big fish. That's a big fish. Yeah. And we catch in some tuna. What's the difference between a sailfish and a sunfish?

Oh, the sunfish are the big giant fish with the funny-looking heads. What's the one with the tailfish? And the sailfish. It's what's the sunfish? The sunfish is the big, like, fat.

Like, it's just got a big, fat, long head. Okay. That's the sunfish. Yeah. And a little teeny.

All right. Okay. Now here we go. Stephen R. Small says this. Assuming spiral galaxies are evenly distributed.

I'd predict an even split of spirals turning counterclockwise versus clockwise plus a small fraction on edge where spin can't be detected. What would be learned if that prediction were true or not putting aside expansion of space is a galaxy's translational travel vector aligned with its equatorial plane like a frisbee. For the longest time people are wanting to use these massive data sets of galaxies in the universe to see if there's a orientation of the spiral galaxies. Right. One way or another.

Because they're going to spin. They can spin that way. Right. And they can spin as on flat all kinds. Right.

And who is this last? That's the question. This is Stephen R. Small. So Stephen presumes that if it's edge on, you wouldn't know which waves spinning, but we do. Oh.

Yes, you can put a a a a a slit across it and get its spectrum. And you'll see that one side of the galaxy is blue shifting towards you and the other side is red shifting away. That is brilliant. Yes. Yes.

Yes. My people. I love that. My people are brilliant. That is so cool.

We'll go ahead. Yes. So you know if it's coming towards you. Right. Even though it's edge on.

Right. Even though it's edge on. You can see what's blue shifted, what's right. So another fact I must correct is if you randomly scatter spiral galaxies into any. Any environment.

The most likely way you will find them is edge on. So if if the here's the dish that's the galaxy. Okay.

Here's a face on galaxy.

“So let's say the North Pole is pointing to your to your head.”

All right.

That's also face on correct.

The North Pole is pointing that way. To get a face on galaxy. The galaxy has to be facing you to be at face on galaxy. Right. Or it could be the other way.

The other way. So the only two ways. Right. That's going to be pointing if you get a face on galaxy. That.

Okay. Edge on. Oh, my gosh. Oh, you can go later. You're around the book.

Edge on. The pole. Anyway. Can be an entire circle. Right.

This way. And you were edge on the entire. They're more ways to configure edge on galaxies than face on galaxy. Okay. You know, random set of galaxies.

Absolutely. Okay. And they show that. Probabilistically and statistically.

“It's after it's an exercise and graduate school.”

You do this. So don't be surprised when you look at the whole deep field and other things. There's a whole lot of edge on galaxy. Right. Okay.

People have been looking for extra rotating one way versus another.

And the first time someone made that claim.

They had room full of people sucking which way is the galaxy rotating. Just they ignored the edge ons. So which way is the galaxy rotating? And people made their catalog. Is it, oh, my gosh.

There's a net rotation clockwise. Holy cow. What's going on? And then people theorists started coming in. Maybe there's left over rotation from the big bag.

And people started jumping all in. I call him ambulance chasing theorists. Okay. That's funny. All right.

All right. So then someone had the idea. Let's give this same test to a different set of people. Except have them look at the photos from the other side. The mirror image of the family. Okay.

They evaluated the thousands and thousands of galaxies. Once again, most of them were rotating clockwise. Right. That's not possible. I just flipped them off.

Right. That's a mirror image.

It's right. So they concluded that there's a psychological preference for noticing. So we have a quiet. We have a bias. We have an visual bias that allows us to look for that. That's right.

And so we said we're not going to have humans doing this ever again. Right. So we train computers. AI is coming in at the time. And someone now has a section of space.

Not the whole. All of a section of space where there's a net angle momentum in what a net spin in one direction and not another. And that's in the last year or so. Okay. So check that out.

And we think it's not going to hold that. But it's nonetheless an observed result that people are contending with. Mm. Yeah. Well, Steven, way to go, man.

And we're using spiral galaxies because a little of the galaxies don't have the stars or like. He's doing all kinds of crazy crap. Right. Right. That's not really it.

The spiral galaxy is a uniform. It's a uniform. It's a uniform. Yeah. Which we by the way, we're in one.

We're in one. We're in one. Where you go? This is another way. All right.

All right. This is Jose. Jose. Yes. Okay.

Because I knew a guy who took off the accent. He just wanted to call me Josie. Josie. No, just Jos. And that's that wrong.

That's wrong. That's what he wanted. Josie. Okay. That sounds weird.

Jose says in Fantastic Four. Ooh. First steps. I remember the day that movie premiered. It was highly advertised.

It looked intriguing. Even fun. I haven't seen it yet. So I haven't. Me either.

He says Reed Richards considers teleporting Earth into another universe to save it. Realistically with current technology.

“What could humans do to move Earth from its orbit around the sun?”

Analities to dark or dial morphos or but on a planetary scale. How plausible is it? You got to really understand how much mass there is on Earth. Tell me about it. Okay.

I did a calculation. Do you know they bench test rockets. Okay. Space rockets in the desert. So you know how they do that.

They could point them upwards and see how far they go. Right. But they don't. They anchor them to Earth. Ignite them and measure all the forces and the pressures and the temperatures and everything.

That thought to myself. If they kept doing that. We could increase the rotation of the Earth. I said. Are they slowing Earth that?

That would have a different effect.

“It wouldn't speed us up or slow us down.”

But if it's do Easter, do you West? Yeah. Oh my God. So I ran the calculation. Not going to happen.

Not it's not. It's not. It's nothing. Compared to the rotational inertia of the Earth. So mosquito puns in an elephant.

Not even that. It's a matte, a blue whale. But blue. Yeah. It gives some bigger than that elephant.

And a scuba gear. That's a blue whale. Yeah. So it's not a thing. So.

But as I said in other recordings we've made. There's a movie made in China. But with an international cast called Wandering Earth 2. Okay.

I never saw Wandering Earth 1.

I haven't seen either. Okay. There's two. There's something wrong with the sun. They have to take Earth somewhere else.

And there's no teleporting. It's kind of in present day, actually. But maybe a little bit in the future where they have space elevators and things. But it's not so far. It's not a star trek future.

No. All right. They got regular rockets. So they said we got to move Earth. And they set up these rockets around the perimeter of the Earth.

All pointing the same way. And then they night them all. And then Earth slowly pulls out of orbit. Road trip. And then it falls a beer on the wall to another star system to enter ourselves into their orbit.

Wow. Now that then you could choose where to put the orbit. Let's true. Get the right exact temperature where everything you want. Mm-hmm.

“And the closest place we could go which is not even a real star, though, right?”

Isn't it proximate?

I don't know if a century is a system proximate.

Is the closest star in the health insurance system? As I'm saying. So we would have to go to proximate. We would have to go to proximate. Because that's a closest we would.

Yeah, for every star there is a distance. That would be the right Goldilocks distance. Right. So we can pick any star in principle. Right.

And just go to the spot. Yeah. Okay. Yep. All right.

So this is Tam Tam. Hey, Tam Tam. And relational physics. Relationalists are very, like, psychotherapy. This is, yeah.

What? And relational physics, you know. Tell me about EZMC Square. How's it make you feel? That's a feel.

That's a feel. Makes me feel good. That's true. Okay.

When different observers describe the same process differently.

What is considered in variant? What actually holds across those perspectives? I like that. Wow. You know what's in variant?

That's a great point. Because two people seeing the same thing. Interpreting it differently. Is there anything? Right.

That's constant. Right. Yes. The speed of light. Ah.

Look at that. So no matter what's going on. If they measure the speed of light, they're going to get the same answer. Oh, look at that. Now, there are other invariants.

That's the simplest one I could describe. There's others where there's a combination of your light. Your travel in time and your travel in space. And so the length of that vector is the same for all the observers. If I'm remembering this correctly, I'm going to check with Brian Green again on this.

But the combination of those two is invariant. So for me, my space vector might be longer than my time vector relative to you. You're going to have a longer time vector relative to space vector. But the connect the two ends. That length would be the same.

And that would be the same throughout the system. Interesting. I think I'm getting that right. It's been a while since I dug into it. Right.

But you see what I'm saying. And so just look at a triangle. Yes. And the hypotenuse of the triangle would be an invariant. But the triangle that gives you that hypotenuse can have varying to the legs can be a different size relative to each other.

And these two legs one is time in one space. Oh, okay. Yeah. All right. Now that's a very good way to explain it.

Yeah. Does that make sense? It works out. Yeah. Okay.

Wow. Tim Tim. It's a good deep question. And it's very intense. It's like can you do my physics homework?

Yeah. So in variance are the things that would be constant. And you want to know what those are because those are those are mathematical jump points from one. That's observational system into another. Wow.

Look at these people. I know. We have some good people. Okay. We got like five minutes left.

Give me maybe. Do you think we can fit two in there? Yeah.

“How can galaxies collide if everything is moving away?”

Oh, I love that. More precisely. How is it that while the universe is expanding and moving away from us the Milky Way and drama. We'll go live in the near future. Okay.

Are you ready for this? Are you ready? Okay. So galaxies that are near each other feel each other's gravity. Right.

And they have speeds in response to that gravity. All right. So I'm going to pick a number.

All right. Okay. Let's just say.

“That's a character risk that goes much higher in galaxy clusters.”

Let's just say pick in a number. 200 miles per second. These galaxies feel each other and they're moving around each other. The universe is expanding. Well, the bigger is the distance between two objects the faster it's expanding.

If I'm not far away enough from this system for the expanding universe to be greater than 200 miles per second.

The expanding universe will not manifest in this system. Right. If I go far enough away so that the universe is expanding 400 miles per second. It's going to rip these galaxies apart. Exactly.

So galaxies nearby each other are not spread over enough space in the universe for the expansion of the universe to manifest. Oh, God's you. However. Uh-oh. However.

In the big rip. Okay. The accelerating universe. Yes. There's a point where the expansion of the universe will rival the relative speeds of galaxies that are near one another and it'll rip them apart.

And then it'll rival the speeds within the scale of the galaxies themselves. It'll rip the stars apart. Then it'll rip the planets off the stars. Then it'll rip the atoms out of the star. Then it'll break the atoms apart.

Then it'll break the electrons off the atoms. Then it'll break the nucleus apart. And that is because the acceleration is constantly increasing. Constantly increasing. Right.

And it'll outstripe. And it'll outstripe. And it'll outstripe. And it'll outstripe. And it'll outstripe.

And it'll outstripe.

And that's a good way to say it.

Yeah.

“So that's why galaxy only nearby galaxies will ever show a blue shift.”

Oh, look at that. Yeah. It's very cool. Yeah. It's only when the red shift out muscles it.

That's right. And so no far away galaxy has a blue shift. Look at that. Yeah. Wow.

Diana Smith. These. These people are very smart. And we are on a collision course with Indra. And I'm going to.

Right. Because we're close enough. Yeah. Like 7 billion years. Yeah.

So stick around Diana. October third. All right. Bill says in the classic depiction of a supermassive black hole E.G.

Interstellar. The accretion just looks aligned flat horizontally from our point of view. Does a black hole look the same from all sides. Left right top bottom doesn't make a difference. And is it even possible to get behind a black hole?

Yeah. So I'm impressed that he calls out a classic description. Right. It's only been with us for like 10 years or so. Right.

Ever since we've had enough modeling and physics and the theoretical understandings. So I'm impressed that that's not classic. That's classic. And it looked like you were coming in on the on the equation disk. Mm.

But there's distortions in the space time continuum in the vicinity of the black hole. So the equation disk behind the black hole has side lines. Come around the black hole to you because it's bending the lighter round. Because the gravity is that deep and heavy. I mean, the lighter round.

So you're seeing this sort of unfolded image of a black hole in all places. You see behind it when you went front of it. You can't sneak up on a black hole. So you can go behind the black hole. Right.

But then I'm going to see your ass in front of the black hole. Right. Because the light that light travels here. And when you see curve light, you don't know that it's curved. Right.

As far as your concern, it's a straight line. Just like when you see the sunrise. Right. The sun isn't there. Yeah.

The sun is five minutes below. Right. It's a light refracted. It's not for the same reason. But I'm saying it's a light bends.

And you see it. You don't see bent light. Right. You're seeing the light. You're seeing a straight line.

You're seeing a straight line. Because that's why you see it. That's when you see it. And it's the reflection of the atmosphere that five minutes later, the sun actually rises. But the atmosphere bent it into your view.

And you think it's in a straight line. So that's what's going on.

“That's what's going on in the black hole.”

You can't hold sides of the thing. That's dope. Totally dope. That is amazing. I love it.

Into that quick, didn't I? You did. Wow. Absolutely. It's a quick lead.

Yes, you did. Thank you for doing that. My mom would be very close.

Your mom would never notice.

Yes, he was. Okay. And my house was a house. That's why you so well spoke. You know my, one of my favorite shirts is what's that?

A librarian. I saw a librarian wearing it. Okay. Right. Well, I don't know if she was librarian.

But she looked apart. Okay. I was at a book festival. Right. Or I'm signing books.

Right. She's walking around. Kind of middle of a car catalog behind her. That was on the duty. Going to do a decimal system.

No, she had the grasses with this with the thing. Right. And a hair was in a bun. Right. Okay.

But she wore t-shirt and libraries nowhere t-shirt.

Oh, right.

“This t-shirt said I'm silently correcting your grammar.”

That's cool t-shirt.

That's that's gangster, right?

That was right. Yeah. So Chuck, that's it. That's another.

That was a great episode.

Me.

“These people in there, they're bringing it with the questions.”

Bring it in. Bring it on. Bring it in. Yeah.

“Another completed episode of Cosmic Queries.”

Grab baggages. And thanks again Chuck. Always a pleasure. We're being here. Neil deGrasse Tyson.

You're a personal astrophysicist. Keep looking up.