What the End of Spirit Airlines Means for the Future of Flying

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Find out more at NYTimes.com/games. From the New York Times, I'm Rachel Abrams, and this is The Daily. When Spirit Airlines shut down over the weekend, it brought an end to a company that had revolutionized air travel in the United States with an ultra-low-cost approach. So today, I talked to my colleague, Niraj Chakshi,

but the so-called "spirit" effect on air travel. Why it unraveled? And whether the problems that doomed Spirit could spread to other airlines. And, my colleague Lindsay Garrison talks to a Spirit flight attendant about what Spirit represented. Thursday, May 7.

I want to do this as a Colleen. Yeah, okay, Colleen. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, as well. Thank you again for your time. I'm really grateful. Yeah, of course.

Just the same. I'm really sorry that this is the circumstance under which we're talking. But I really thank you again. Could we just start by, you just telling me a little bit about who you are and when you started working for Spirit Airlines? Yeah, so, my name is Colleen Burns,

and I am a Spirit Airlines flight attendant. And I was, um, it's crazy to say. I was Spirit Airlines flight attendant for 10 years. I had actually just started my 11th year with the company.

Got it. Do you remember your first day on the job?

“Yeah, I was so nervous, and I just remember that first crew,”

like when I got there, they were like, so incredibly kind of mean. They were like, oh my god, it's your first flight. Like, sometimes we happened more back in the day, but we used to pull prints on each other when you were a new flight attendant. And so, they had the pilots tell me that something was wrong with the air

in the cabin and that I had to do an air test. And I needed to collect an air sample in a trash bag and bring it into the cockpit. So, basically, I was like, I don't remember learning about this at all. And like, oh my gosh, I didn't retain anything.

So, I'm like walking through this cabin on my very first flight operating

isn't flight attendant with a giant white trash bag above my head. Collecting air, I go into the cockpit and the pilots both look at me and just start bossing out laughing, bossing out laughing. But we used to do silly things like that to one another all the time. And it's something that I just don't, I don't hear those stories from other airlines.

There's just something really special about being a spirit flight attendant. Yeah, what is it, do you think? Like, what is that thing?

“I think that spirit extends through so many like changes and like revivals.”

And, you know, we went from being like the absolute most hated airlines, to be honest, towards the unlike people loved us. And I think all of us went through that journey with spirit. And we all had so much pride in how far spirit had come. I mean, we're the underdog story.

And I had no idea, none of, you know, we really off on this spirit was going to also. Narodged, welcome to the daily. And thank you, it's wrapping me. So, Narodged, as you know, spirit airlines, they went under over the weekend. And this comes after the White House tried to save the airline.

They did not save the airline.

And what was so interesting was that this airline that had basically been a punchline for years

sparked so much grief. There was this outpouring of people talking about how sad they were that it was going away. Our colleague Lindsay Garrison talked to a flight attendant who said how much the airline meant

And so I want to start this conversation with you explaining to us why the death of this airline has struck such a chord with people. Yeah, I mean, spirit airlines was this simple of affordable travel in America.

It allowed people to take trips that they couldn't otherwise afford for a large second of

“the population. It was the only way for them to be able to fly to places.”

And the end came really suddenly. They decided late last week. It was time to wind down. And by Saturday morning, they shut down that left 17,000 people who are directly employed or indirectly employed by spirit out of work, tens of thousands of people who had tickets, no longer had flights, and elected gaping hole in the airline market. I wonder if you can rewind the clock a little bit and tell us about where this airline came from.

Like what was its origin story and how did it end up symbolizing low cost air travel in the United States? Yeah, so spirit's origin actually dates all the way back to the 60s.

It started as a truck and company. They got into travel. They got into charter flights.

They renamed to spirit airlines in '92. But most people didn't really know who they were. It wasn't until the mid 2000s that spirit adopted the business model that we all know it for. And that's the ultra low cost air travel model. The idea of simple, you just cut costs as much as you can and you pass that along to passengers in the form of cheap fares. It was popularized in Europe by Ryan Air, which is still going strong today and they thought that they could

bring it to the US with success. And can you just explain that model? Like what did they do

“or cut to actually keep those ticket prices so low? Yeah, they did a lot. The key thing that they did”

which we all know them for is unbundling. Why should we have to raise everybody's ticket price

when only some people want to eat or drink on board? We don't think that's fair. We think it gives

customers more choice and the real champion of this idea was spirit's cheap executive at the time. Ben Beltanza customers are welcome to bring water on the plane with them. We're not stopping that but we sell what we sell. They started to separate everything out so that seed assignments cost extra money, even water, you're paying for carry-ons, having them print your boarding pass, but the seed itself could be really cheap. So if you didn't need some of those things,

you could actually buy a really dear cheap ticket. I didn't realize this that they literally charge you to print your boarding pass. It's like they're charging for everything except flying. Like everything else is considered a luxury just to keep the ticket as cheap as possible. Right. And the idea is that some people don't need it. They're happy to pull it off on their phones or they don't need customer service. So why would they pay you to be at your feet worth?

“I recognize our airlines not for everyone. If you want to be coddled in the airport,”

if you want any enormous amount of legroom, if you want a free coke, we're not your airline and we're not built to be that airline. But if you want to save $150 round trip, we're a great deal come flying. And they've publicized this all with these busy provocative ads. One of them was what they call it, the milk sale. That's an acronym that some people may know. It's kind of a launching meeting. Yep. From the American Pie, I believe. Yeah, exactly right.

But for spirit, you know, it means many islands low fairs. A gross expression taken from the movie, American Pie was adopted by spirit airline. I mean, you know, and they go viral, right? I mean, they're not only getting a lot of attention on their own, but, you know, news organizations start to cover them. Spirit Airlines has a $69 campaign at, you know, if you don't understand the 69 referencing globally. They start selling tickets for numbers that, you know, have other meanings

for, you know, let's say $69. I didn't know any of this. I am horrified. Social media is buzzing about this. On our Fox 29 Facebook page, Laurie wrote, how about grow up? Victoria wrote, I read the ad and kept waiting to be shocked. So much hoopla over that. And spirit starts to get a lot of attention. People start to kind of get to know this airline. Right, more ads mean more controversy means more news coverage, which means more attention. But

beyond all of that, how is the actual business model received? Like given the fact that the business model itself was kind of a novel idea here in the United States? Yeah, there was a lot of skepticism. Consumers side is nickel and dining them. Investors had doubts that people would really want to fly on an airline like this or that the model could work, and they were at the bottom of a lot of jokes. This is pretty crazy. Here's spirit airlines is considering a new

feed to talk with a human face-to-face during check-in. Yeah. Which explains the company's new slogan, spirit airlines, why are you flying spirit airlines? And I mean, on late night shows the idea that like you would have to pay for water bottle while flying or a printed boarding pass. I mean, it's just outrageous. The CEO of spirit airlines said people shouldn't come to spirit if they want

And if I'm being honest, even that's going to get a little crushed. But, you know, they embraced it and when they got criticism, they would push back and say, "Well, we're here to make travel

“affordable." That's what this is about and take it or leave it. And they would slow it first,”

but then people started flying spirit and it starts to pick up and they go public in 2011. And by

the next year, they're flying about 10 million passengers. They're doing really well. And by 2016,

they're up to 20 million passengers. And what was behind all that growth? I can't imagine it was just the racing milk ads. Yeah, I mean, they're stealing travelers from other airlines. But there's also this idea that they're bringing people in off the sidelines. So people who normally wouldn't be flying, but they see an opportunity because the flights are cheap enough. It might be making that choice instead of ordering takeout. And this is something that Ben Beldons himself says. It's like we're not necessarily

competing just without airlines. We're competing with other forms of spending. And this new approach that Spirit has is starting to affect the wider industry where when Spirit enters an airport for the

“first time, you see fear's drop. Other airlines have to compete. And so they have to reduce their”

ferrets. It actually becomes the subject of academics study. It's called the Spirit effect. Did you feel like Spirit was different than other airlines? Oh, yeah. I mean, we were the market disruptor. We did cause the ferrets to be lower. They call it the Spirit effect. The first time to really resonated with me was my was flying back from Fort Auburn, Alabama. And I did not have my land here and on. I was out of uniform and I sat next to this gentleman and his son.

And we had a little bit of turbulence and then you could hear the hydraulics. And that's always

something that either freaks people out or, you know, it sounds kind of like a dog. It sounds like something and it's normal. It's completely normal on the airbuses. And I could see him getting panic. So it's just a hydraulics way. It's okay. And so we're sitting there and we're, you know, I'm just kind of talking to him. He, like, has a moment. And he's like, wait, how did you know that was okay? How did you know that song was? Are you just telling me that? And I like last

again, and I was like, I was like, I'm not wearing my land here and I'm actually a spirit. I was like,

“I promise it's normal. And he was like, okay, well, then he started talking to me. And I remember”

the gentleman being like, you guys may get so affordable for me to take my son on these trips every once in a while. You know, it sounded like he shared custody with his son. So this was something very special that he liked to do with him when he had him. He was a blue collar worker. He was like, I'm terrified of flying, but I really love being able to do this and love being able to try taking my son to see different places. And that was a moment for me that I was just like,

not that I didn't already have tried, but I really started to have tried and spirit in our brand and what we did and the accessibility that we brought. Because we did, we had so many

first, we had so many first time flyers, so many families, so many people that never would have

gotten the opportunity to fly if it wasn't for us. And I really loved that we had to carry or that was able to offer that to people. But you got your seat and like you were able to fly the $49 round trip ticket and hop on the flight for the weekend to see your family that you normally wouldn't have been able to do because all you cared about was getting from point A to point D safely. You didn't need the super fancy seats, you didn't need the process snacks, you didn't need the

single pour of Coca-Cola Lake, it was about getting there and it was about the journey that you were going to have once you got there. We were able to connect people that otherwise wouldn't have been able to afford to be connected. Sanaraa should sounds like at least for a while, spirit was really making progress, revolutionizing travel, when did things start going south? Well, a few things start to happen. The first thing is that spirit becomes a vision of its own success. They can't

be ignored anymore and they're flying in a lot of places where the bigger lines are flying too. And so the bigger lines introduce something called basic economy, which is basically a spirit competing fair. It comes with a lot of restrictions. It doesn't include a check bag or carry on bag. You often can't pick your own seat, but you can pay for those, right? Just like spirit. But the problem is that these bigger airlines, they also have a lot of resources. Right, because if you have a

choice between United and Spirit and they cost the same, you're probably going to go with the bigger airline. Right, spirit may be flying on a route twice a day and United might fly the same route eight times. If you're by get canceled, there's a backup. There's also a customer service.

at the same cost, you might be inclined to choose them. And that poses a really big problem in

“the spirit. They can't really lower fair as much more than they already have. And so to compete with”

the big airlines, they have to start to improve quality. They have to get you to where you're going on time more often. They have to have better customer service. And that's expensive. And that's what the lot of pressure on Spirit's business model. And keep in mind also that the big guys, they have more profitable seats at the front of the plane. So they can subsidize the basic economies. Spirit doesn't have-- Right, Spirit does not have a $2,000 business class seat. Exactly,

yeah. Okay, so they're feeling the heat from the bigger airlines. Tell us sort of what happens from there. Yeah, so the pandemic obviously hurts all airlines equally. But then there's this faster than expected recovery. People really want to travel. And so there's this fierce competition going on. And that keeps cars low makes it hard for Spirit to earn a profit. At the same time, a lot of pilots end up retiring during the pandemic. But then, you know, in the years after airlines really need

them back. And so they end up paying a lot more to say competitive. That starts with the bigger airlines. But then everybody else has to do their best to match because they just aren't that many pilots around. So, you know, Spirit starts to see that labor, one of their biggest costs is going up. And their edge is all about costs. And if their costs are starting to look a lot like the same costs that the bigger airlines have, then they've lost their edge.

So they're in this position where costs are rising. Competition is fierce. And there are all these other problems that they're just having to deal with. And so then they decide they need to do something to get back on track. We'll be right back. Oh, big yacht. The Lexus, bragging about money. Those are just props. That's not the engine. That's not the

emotion that my music is running on. That is, of course, Jay-Z. I'm John Keramonica. One of the critics behind the New York Times is 30 greatest living American songwriters project. We interviewed some of the songwriters on our list, including Taylor Swift, who hasn't sat for a video like this in a long time. Yeah, criticism has been a huge fuel for me, like a creative writing prompt or something. These are not ordinary conversations. These creative superstars are sharing parts of their process

in ways that you rarely have access to. On top of the MadTask, a picking only 30 people, we also went out and got some music world heavyweights to weigh in. Watch all the video interviews for free and check out the entire 30 greatest living American songwriters project at NYTimes.com/30Gradest or in the app. And let us know if you agree with our picks. I bet you won't. Okay, so at this point in the garage, it sounds like Spirit is really getting

“squeezed in a whole bunch of different ways. What do they do to try to get back on track?”

Yeah, well, one thing they try to do is they actually try to merge with one of the rivals Frontier Airlines, which is another budget carrier. They announced this in 2022. And the thinking was that they're struggling, things are hard, but if they could create this big national low-cost carrier, that they might actually be able to kind of make some moves. You know, they might be able to take on the bigger airlines in a better way. But then JetBlue Airways decides it

actually wants to acquire Spirit and it makes a better offer. And it ends up squeezing Frontier out and they go forward with a JetBlue Spirit merger. But then the Justice Department says,

wait a second, we like Spirit. Spirit does good things in the airline industry and keeps

fair as low. And so they sue to stop the merger, because they're afraid that if JetBlue takes Spirit in, they're going to change the way Spirit's plans work. They're going to change the business model and they're going to end up raising fairs. They're basically arguing that if these two airlines merge, it would be bad for consumers. It's basically an anti-tressed argument. Exactly, exactly. One of the things that JetBlue said during the merger process is that

we're going to take some seeds out of Spirit's plans. Spirit packs in the seeds really tightly to fit as many people as they can on a plane. JetBlue says we're going to add a little leg room, make it a little more comfortable. But the Justice Department says, well, wait a second, that means that your costs are going to go out. You're going to have to charge more of your

“comfort though. And what was Spirit's counter argument to that?”

Yeah, you know, Spirit and JetBlue were saying, look, this is going to be good for consumers, because we're going to have more market power. JetBlue is a low-cost airline. It's not what Spirit is. JetBlue does compete to keep fairs low and that together, you know, as a national player, operating in all these airports, we would be able to actually serve consumers better.

Basically, they're saying, if we can pull our resources together, we're going to be able to compete

better with the big guys. And there we go, we're going to be able to give customers lower fairs.

But then the federal court judge decides that Spirit's presence at an airport can lower

“fairs 5-10%. And we need that in the market. And this merger is anti-competitive.”

Okay, so merger doesn't happen where to Spirit go from here. So they filed for bankruptcy in 2024. They get out of bankruptcy in 2025, but then filed for bankruptcy again in 2025. And then coming into this year, the Iran War starts. And that sends fuel prices skyrocketing. And Spirit has a plan to get out of bankruptcy, but then it seems like the fuel prices is high, that plan is just not going to work.

Right, that would be a challenge for any airline to suddenly have to shoulder these rising fuel costs, but especially a challenge for an airline that is just gone through two bankruptcies. And it's really trying to keep its costs low to stay competitive. Exactly. You know, labor costs have already gone up, fuel costs are now going up. Those are the two biggest costs for any airline. And so the Trump administration steps in,

“and they say, you know, what can we do? These are a lot of jobs. This is an important”

airline to the economy. And on top of that, presumably the optics of this do not look great, right, having an airline specifically an airline that caters to working class people go under because of a war started under the Trump administration. Exactly. And they float this idea of a

$500 million dollar lifeline. The government would step in and lend the company that money.

But the government wants protection. You know, they don't want to lend money with no strings attached. They want to get preferential treatment over the other lenders that have lent Spirit money. And Spirit's existing lenders don't love that idea. So they continue talking. But late last week it becomes clear that there's not really a path forward. There's just not a deal to be done. And so Spirit's lenders tell Spirit, you know, we think it's time for you to wind down.

And you know, if they have to move quickly, airlines are expensive, you can't announce that in airlines going to shut down weeks in advance because a lot of people are going to start to peel away. And so on Friday, they continue flying. They fly 50,000 people. The last flight in lands in Dallas just after midnight. And Saturday morning at just after 2 a.m. they announced

“we're done. Spiritor on this shutdown. When did you find out?”

And so this might make me choke up, but at about 11 p.m. We'll call them through a meeting by our AirFair National President, Serenalson. Now, not me. I just remember safe space. Let's do this. Sorry. You're going to do it over. Is she told us it was? It was over. Is that we were shutting down? Anna, we all cried a lot. It's been a really crazy um 72 hours for all of us because we're losing our family.

Are you hearing from colleagues and friends? And actually um, I'm at one of my friends' house with about eight other flight. It's up right now. It's like we're all grieving. We're also here, but I think we're like grieving a loss because like spirit's the catalyst that like brought us all together. And like that's gone now. And after you've spent years dedicating this time to this company that you had some time

and you've believed in and that you loved and you loved the people that you work with. It just comes in ways. It comes in ways.

You know, I kind of always thought like if something were to happen like I would walk away from

aviation and that last week I was like there's no way. There's no way that I can walk away from aviation. It gets in fear. It gets in your bones, aviation and I just, there's truly like thinking back from it and then like there isn't anything else that I want to do. But there's just something about it. The you know, the black and yellow in our blood that I, you know, it's going to be hard to find that against us.

It's never going to be the same. So Narech, we mentioned earlier in our conversation that there's been this outpouring of grief

Can you just subscribe for us? What did that grief look like? What did it sound like

“since spirit announced that it was going under on Saturday?”

Yeah, you know, I think the immediate reaction for some people was surprised. We heard from people at airports on Saturday who have no idea this was coming and showed up and, you know, very quickly had to figure out how they were going to get home. But I think, you know, as frustrated as people were at times with spirit, I think people really started to understand its place and appreciated it for what it was.

This is a sad day. Thousands of people that really depend on this low-cost airline to travel that may not have otherwise gone anywhere. And I think seeing it gone is sad for a lot of people. There was good for, you know, the working consumer who loves to travel, who knows how to pack like, I've taken spirit a lot of places. And, you know, looking online, you see this outpouring of tributes to spirit. This is kind of heartbreaking because whenever I wanted to get

like a cheap last minute flight somewhere, I'd be like, let's check spirit. And now people to do that. And there were a lot of travelers out there who were able to

go on vacation because of airlines like spirit. Um, staring never did me wrong. Like,

did you say how much flights cost nowadays? Like, also real stuff flights are super expensive. And so it really did have a place for people. What is your diagnosis ultimately in a rage about what spirits downfall was? Like, how much should we attribute to the rising costs associated with the war and Iran or other headwinds faced by budget airlines or the airline industry as a whole? It's definitely death by a thousand

cuts. I mean, spirit just had an unforgiving years and they just could not catch a break.

“They couldn't get stable footing. But, you know, I think it also shows that this business model”

itself is really unforgiving. There's not a lot of buffer. And so if one too many things go wrong,

it's hard to recover. hindsight is obviously 2020. But how should we be thinking about the merger

that the DOJ blocked in 2024? Because at the time spirit said, we need this. The DOJ obviously didn't buy that argument. And now here we are. Yeah, it's really set off this political debate. The Trump administration says, you know, look, the Biden administration interfered and now spirit's going under. And some experts I've talked to agreed. They say that, you know, have this merger gone forward. This new combined airline might have been able to survive and be vibrant and lower fairs

across the country. But then a lot of experts aren't so sure. airline mergers are notoriously difficult to pull off. They cost lots of money. And there's just no guarantee that it would have ended well for Jacqueline spirit. I want to talk about what spirits demise means for the future of air travel more broadly. Like since they came on the scene, there have been other low-cost budget airlines like Frontier and Allegiant. So what does the collapse of spirit mean for those

guys if anything? It's a mixed picture. So you mentioned Allegiant. And they actually adopted this model around the same time as spirit. And they have actually done pretty well. They just actually are in the middle of acquiring another airline's own country. And part of the reason for

“their success is unlike spirit, Allegiant was able to stay off the radar of the big airlines.”

And so about 75% of their roots, they have zero competition. But you know, others not so much frontier like spirit is facing a lot of the same problems. I do wonder also about the bigger airlines, the United, the Americans, et cetera. Like I do wonder whether the bigger guys will now have just that much less incentive to offer competitive low-cost fairs. Do you foresee that happening? Yeah. The experts that I talk to do think that fairs are going to rise. And they say that

to some extent that probably there's going to happen anyway. If you'll cost a lot of airlines have to cover that. But for the big airlines, they're so much more focused on the elite traveler. They have really discovered that in the last few years that if they invest in those people who are willing to spend a lot of money, they can earn a lot of profit. And it's worked exceptionally well for airlines like Delta and United. They've invested in lounges, they've invested in their loyalty

programs. They've invested in fancy seats and playing renovations and it's really paying off. And so will they still compete for basic economy travelers? Sure. Those are the travelers that they see maybe someday upgrading to main economy and up to business class. But right now those airlines are really focused on the front of the plane. Those nice big fancy seats. It's interesting because the spirit era was really marked by these airlines stripping amenities out from what they offered

so that they could offer low budget fares. But what you are describing sounds like almost going in the opposite direction, like more and more offering these luxury amenities. And it feels as though

and so many other facets of American life between the halves and the half knots. Yeah, you know,

“I mean spirit and it's early years really democratized air travel. But even before I shut down spirit”

it was embracing catering to the premium travelers. They last summer announced plans to add premium seats at the front of their planes and they actually started to re-bundle their fares so that you could

buy a single ticket that included a lot of the things that they once stripped out. So even before

spirit went under, we were already starting to see a retreat from that business model that was just sharply focused on low costs and low fares. And so there's this sense that yeah, maybe the industry has put it in a direction where it's not as focused on serving everybody. Neroj, thank you so much. Thank you. We'll be right back.

“Here's what else you need to know today. Iran said on Wednesday that it was reviewing an”

American proposal to end the war. A day after President Trump paused a new U.S. military effort to protect ships in the straight of Hormuz. Iran's foreign ministry spokesman said that his government had not yet given its response to the U.S. proposal. And neither he nor President Trump said what it contained. And Tennessee Republicans proposed a congressional map aimed at diluting

“the state's loan majority black district, a swift response to last week's Supreme Court ruling”

that weakened the voting rights act. The new Tennessee map slices the county containing Memphis, a majority black city into three districts, and likely will give Republicans the ability to flip

Tennessee's loan remaining democratic seat. And finally Ted Turner, the 20th century media

Titan who created CNN, died on Wednesday at the age of 87. When Turner debuted CNN in 1980, it revolutionized television news, presenting news at all hours of the day, and eventually inspiring other media operations to follow suit. Today's episode was produced by Stella Tan, Lindsey Garrison, and Diana Win, was edited by Rob Zipko and Michael Benoit, with research help from Will Pai-Show,

and contains music by Chelsea Daniel, Maryin Lzano, Melissa Moxley, Dan Powell, Pat McCusker, and Diana Wong. Our theme music is by Wanderley. This episode was engineered by Melissa Moxley. That's it for the Daily. I'm Rachel Abrams. See you tomorrow.