100 Objects #1: The Century Safe

us, but JAWS is back in theaters and afternoon delight is burning up the charts. Nixon has

“resigned in disgrace, so now Ford is present. The Vietnam War has finally come to a close.”

And now an ambivalent country is about to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. All of Washington is trying to get hipes. There's going to be fireworks, a huge celebration on the mall. And in the US Capitol Building, in the marbled, beautiful, statutory hall, there's a big iron safe. Like a picture, like a western where they're robbing a train and there's a safe on one of the

cars of the railroad train. And it's this big iron monstrous thing, but it's sort of portable. That kind of a safe. Like a 19th century safe. This is a historian, Jola Poir.

“The safe, which is known as the century safe, sometimes called the Centennial safe, was specially built”

on the occasion a hundred years before. Now the by-centennial, but of the Centennial, the hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The century safe was created in 1870. To mark the country's one hundredth birthday, the idea was to make a time capsule to fill the safe with objects. Things hand selected to represent the moment they came from. Those meaningful objects were hidden away inside the safe and the doors were sealed and written on the doors

were instructions to the future. It is inscribed upon it. The promise that it will be opened by the president of the United States in the crazy futuristic year of 1976. Good morning to all of you. Happy birthday to the USA. We're very pleased to have you assembled here this morning on a very historic occasion. And President Ford has been coerced by his aides to carve out a few minutes in his schedule to drapes from the White House over to the Capitol building into statutory hall where

a fleet of photographers is assembled awaiting this century long wait, finally coming to an end

with the opening of an iron and glass door. When the safe was first sealed, there was a record of what had been put inside. But by 1976, after its hundred year journey through time, most people had

“no idea. And so now they were gathered around with one shared question. What was in there?”

What objects that those Americans from the past think would really say, this is who we are. These are the things that represent us and our values. I mean, what a daunting task. What a fraught exercise. What objects could anyone possibly pick to tell the story of the country of our country? What fool would even attempt such a thing? From 99% invisible and BBC studios, this is a history of the United States and a hundred objects. I'm Roman Marks.

Okay, so let's go back 100 years before 1976 when the safe was first being filled,

which to my understanding was at the World's Fair of 1876. So could you talk about that World's Fair? Yeah, so World's Fair, we don't only have them anymore. It's a little bit even hard to describe, but it's a little bit like a circus plus Epcot Center, plus Disney World, plus the UN. It had arts and science exhibits from across the globe. 30,000 exhibits in more than 200 buildings. You could climb a ladder onto the right arm, the torch arm, of the future statue of Liberty.

Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated what turned out to be his prototype of the telephone. Hines ketchup was introduced to the public. It is hard to conceive of those as contemporary inventions, but with innovation accelerating to light speed, there they were, side by side. The big hit of the Centennial Exposition was machinery hall, where there was this giant power engine, there were also typewriters and sewing machines, just like a lot of gadgetry that was fun to see.

President Grant personally pulled the lever of that engine that brought all the other exhibits in the hall to life. The technology had advanced so far that for most attendees it must have

So could you give a sense of what the general mood of 1876 is? Are people really feeling like

“celebrating the United States? Like what is going on? It is a big commercial holiday to get people”

to celebrate the United States in 1876. Recall were only 11 years from the end of the Civil War,

in which three quarters of a million Americans died. We are at the turning point in which

reconstruction, the plan for a fully multiracial democracy in the United States for the first time, is just about to be abandoned. And there is a great spirit of reform in the United States still, especially under the banner of the women's suffrage movement. So there's a lot of political tumult in these years, but there is a tremendous amount that Americans who have an appetite for celebration are very keen to celebrate. And maybe surprisingly less about American freedom and

liberty and democracy and more about American economic and industrial might and geographic expansion.

“One in five Americans came to the 1876 World's Fair to see all of that innovation for themselves.”

In fact, progress had accelerated so much. Life was changing so fast that for the first time Americans were becoming fascinated with the future. You would say now, okay,

for all of human time, having humans always been interested in the future, and I would say no.

That is like people like we just live in like, what is the future of work? What is the future of automation? What is the future of AI? What is the future of democracy? Like all of our political debates are about the future. And it's like a kind of like Davos has been pipeline of like we must talk about the future at all time. Nobody thought about the future until the 20th century. So, but there is kind of the beginning of a notion of historical time that is novel in the

19th century and people can picture rockets and go into the moon and they're not called robots until the 1920s, but you can kind of, there's a lot about mechanical men. So people begin for the

first time really thinking like if machines keep getting better and faster and bigger and stronger,

what will the future look like? And it's in this moment of celebrating the past and thinking about the future that one woman and a dean, a magazine publisher, dreams up the century safe. She was a civil war widow and you know, it was a candy business woman and here was a stunt to get some attention for and sell subscriptions to the magazine in the newspaper. So she commissioned the building of this elaborate safe, which is kind of cool. It has like engraving all over it and then

it promises on it that it's going to be opened by the president of the United States in 1976 on July 4th, which is just cool. It would be what have been like looking at a rocket ship. So she gets space at the world's fair to set this thing up and then people interact with that. Like how do they, what is on display? Well, the thing itself, but then you could you could look at what was already in there and you could pay money to have yourself put in. You could

pay to have to sign your autograph in an autograph book of just anybody. And these jumps did that. It was a clever rose. Can we a kid? You got a nickel? So she made a little pretty penny. So like if the idea of time capsules is quite new and the idea of like thinking about the past is kind of is actually a new concept, thinking about the future is kind of a new concept.

“How does she convince people to care about this enough to get floor space on the world's fair?”

I think she was a great show business woman in it did speak to the moment in the sense of it was a clever idea. Right. Here we are 100 years from the Declaration of Independence. Why don't we think about where the country will be 100 years from now? After the fair, having done everything she could to drum up excitement and a sealed her safe full of objects and entrusted it to Congress. And it goes down, you know, into the

Raiders of the Lost Ark storage facility. So like it really over the course of this 100 years. Despite the ornate bigness of the safe itself, it really does get kind of forgotten. Yeah, it's meant to be forgotten for a century. Like what are you going to do? Check on it. What's the point of seeing what it looks like at 1929?

It sat there as debates about segregation grew from reconstruction.

As the Washington Monument went up and eventually Lincoln's as men in uniform filled the streets on the way to World War I, then World War II, it sat not bothering anyone through the Great Depression and wounded knee in the Titanic in the creation of television and the Korean War and the March on Washington in the Stonewall riots and men walking on the moon. Time went on and on and the country changed and changed and suddenly it was the 1970s.

“Yeah, so a newspaper article appears, I think in 1971, there's a lot of newspaper coverage”

of the bicentennial and there's a story about hey aren't we supposed to be opening up this

centennial safe because some clever reporter got the idea to go back and see what happened at the

centennial and then they go to the Smithsonian as well. Yeah, I think we still have that, but we don't know how to open it. The New York Times runs an article, quote, "Smistonian can't find keys to Centennial safe." That's right. In the intervening decades, they had lost the key and then a man in Florida sees the article and realizes he has it because Anna deemed didn't have any children, so what happened to the key? And she didn't somehow for some reason she didn't keep

the Smithsonian. She gave it to her like great niece Edith or something. And this kind of Florida was Ediths, I don't know. I have a brilliant Emma. Is that okay? Emma, Edith, Gertrude, we could just

make up a name that belonged to that Edwardian era Roman and we would be covered. It was the guy's

“great aunt Emma, who had greatly passed on the key. So the safe could now be opened. And so then”

there's a whole rigour roll of like, are they going to get it out? Are they going to bring it to the capital and they've managed to find it in storage? They bring it to the capital in January of 1976. They have gotten the key from that guy, but maybe it's rusted. They have to hire a locksmith to Jimmy the thing. Okay, so we have at least some of the parts here all coming together in 1976. And again, I don't hope any of you could sort of characterize, you know, the national mood at this moment

as opposed to 1876. I mean this is the bicentennial. Again, it's really tumultuous time. Watergate has happened to like a real change in the sense of what people feel about their government. What is the temperature around the country? And how is the bicentennial unfolding? Yeah, so we're barely out of the Vietnam War, depending on papers, Watergate, Nixon's resigned in '74, Ford, very controversially partisans him. And for Ford, really throwing himself into the hoopla of the bicentennial is about

healing the country from those divisions and those wounds. And he comes to really believe that that is his main task as president. It was also controversial because, you know, the country's vision of itself was not a unitary vision anymore than it was at any other point in American history. But, you know, they're Jesse Jackson called for a boycott of the bicentennial. Gills got her and wrote this great piece called bicentennial blues. There was a lot of kind of like Frederick Douglass vibe

resistance to the bicentennial. There were a lot of protests by native nations, really effective protests. And they were also a lot of power, like a lot of public celebrations of native culture and native politics. So, he kind of had it all, the bicentennial. It is what I honor and deep personal pleasure that I introduced the president of the United States. And so, like an effort to grab onto something that we can all rally behind. Well, let's get to this opening ceremony where Ford is in

his three-piece suit. Obviously, I'm deeply honored to have the opportunity to open this historic centennial place. Ford stands in front of a packed room. Cameras flashing, reading his speech from index cards. It contains many items of interest to us today as we celebrate the completion of

“our second century. And I think it's actually quite a special spot. I think it's a nice speech, right?”

It's, you know, I guess we don't like Ford, you're not, I mean, I don't have a like Ford. And he just says, he just kind of runs with the metaphor, right? As we look inside this safe, let us look inside ourselves. What does this safe contain? It contains our hopes and aspirations as a people. And nothing is more precious than that. America's wealth is not in material object, but in our great heritage are freedom and our belief in ourselves. Let us look into our hearts. Let us look into

our heart and into our hearts. And now let's open the doors.

what's inside. So Ford finishes his nice little speech. And can you tell us what happens as they start

“pulling out some of the items? Yeah. So he pulls things out one by one and it sort of looks at them.”

Here is a, and tries to identify it. That's a Tiffany ink stand I understand. Like, okay, this isn't ink stand. It looks a little different than the ones we have, though. There's a room of photographers and reporters who are awaiting, you know, message in a bottle confessions of Jefferson Davis, an unpublished memoir that explains the abandonment of reconstruction, like I like all the things that I want to see. This is a photograph of an early

basement. I don't see his name. But I mean, really, it's a dud. Lendy, I have a picture of a chairperson.

I don't have any indication of her name, but look mighty pretty. Like, it's just, they're just now that it's just like nothing after nothing. And so he pulls out more things and people just start laughing. I guess the other picture was, uh, Mr. M. F. Cooper, a electoral commissioner. They all seemed to get their picture in there somewhere.

“You have very high expectations for like, what could you have want to have seen from 1876?”

And nothing in there is anything that you would ever have wanted anybody to keep on any occasion.

In the end, the safe turned out to have a lot of photographs. Abraham Lincoln was there.

He let's see his ass grant. There was one of all the members of the 44th Congress that one seated in 1876 and one of Anna Deem herself. And then there's the temperance pamphlet. There is this ink stand that supposedly was Henry Wadsworth Long Fellows. There was a book with the names of the 80,000 people working for the government in 1876. There was a picture of Anna Deem's family physician. He must have been a fantastic doctor and a book of autographs from legislators,

clergymen, poets, scientists, and anyone who paid to sign it. Like forgotten nobody's, they might have well have been called. Like everyone's just like, oh, okay, yeah, what are we doing tomorrow? I hate to make this announcement with the bell to run in the house or vote to all of the house. This is like it's a non-events.

“So, why do you think these objects were so disappointing?”

Um, I think they don't cross the valley of time with their significance intact. So what was significant to the people who put them in there was the novelty of photography. The possibility of preservation? I mean, it is kind of new to be keeping something preserved. Yeah. Right. And this would have been a very well-preserved set of materials because they're sealed in the glass box. That would have seemed significant to them to have a very

fact of being able to seal it. Um, you know, um, embalming was really new in the civil war. Because, you know, your son or your brother or your father died far from home. And people could pay to have the body embalmed so that it could be sent by railroad to go home and you could still, it would still be something you could view before burial. And that form of preservation preserving the human body long enough for a railroad journey to get home and be

seen by loved ones was a hugely significant thing. Like photography where you could still see someone who had died. Yeah. And the century safe is like, has that sense of embalming a moment in time? But it's, it's more fascinated with the very act of preservation than it is with carefully thinking about what's worth preserving. Yeah. It's almost like a monument to the possibility that we could preserve something where, like, as it, like, what to put in there was

an afterthought. Yeah. So what would have been interesting? What could you put in there that you as a historian? And you, particularly as an archive nut, as that type of historian who likes

Oh, something totally sneaky. First of all, nothing published. Nothing that is not

“handwritten or hand drawn. Like, something that is one of a kind that exists in nowhere else,”

that can be found no world that would be a revelation upon its discovery. So love letters of you, let's see this grant. I don't know. You know, like, I'm really care about you, let's just ask Grant. But the diary of a Chinese railroad worker who was learning English or something. Like, I don't, like, something that we don't have. Yeah. And that we were not, that was not going to survive otherwise. I very much take Jill's point here. I can't imagine how disappointing

everything in the safe must have felt after 100 years of build up. But I will say, even those objects that seem like they are absolutely worthless when you spend a little bit of time with them,

“they do take you somewhere. Like, the temperance pamphlet. Of course, a handwritten original item”

would be more profound. But this mass-printed pamphlet represents one of the biggest social movements

at the time. One that would ultimately amend the Constitution, not once, but twice.

This fight over alcohol that is so far in the past for us was front of mind for them. Or that photograph of the 44th Congress, it features eight black members more than ever before. But it was also the last time we would have so many black representatives for almost 100 years. Were they thinking at this moment in 1876 that this progress would continue? Or could they feel the failure of reconstruction on the horizon?

Even that thoroughly unremarkable inkwell that forward pulled from the safe. It belonged to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the celebrated poet and author of Paul Revere's Ride. He's the reason every American knows the red coats are coming. The version of the revolutionary war most people carry around in their heads came from his pen. But when the safe was filled, he was still deep in mourning from a death of his wife. She was at home with him when her dress

caught fire, and when Longfellow tried to smother the flames, he suffered severe burns to his face.

From then on, he wore a long beer to hide his scars. He was never the same. One rider said

his poems about mourning effectively turned him into the nation's grief counselor. And the only reason I know all this is because that inkwell was in the century safe. So I understand the disappointment of Jolipur and President Ford and the entire population of the United States in 1976. But I do think that in all these objects, in any American object, you can find America.

The reason why I want to talk to you about this about the century safe is because we're embarking on this series called a history of the US and a hundred objects. And so we're kind of picking things out. You know, it's represented in the United States. And I was just wondering, should we even be trying to do this? Do you have some advice? I don't know. Why not? I say go, I say, I'm glad you're doing it.

“You will have fun. I think that it is important to recognize that much like the present,”

the past is largely a chronicle of misery. I mean, people suffer. And the people who suffer the most leave the least evidence behind. And so any history that begins with what survives has a real challenge to arriving at any proper perspective on the human condition. I think that is the asymmetry of the historical record, right? People who were wealthiest and most literate and had the greatest resources, not only left, not only made a lot of records,

they managed to have their records preserved. And everyone else disappears and just vanishes, their remains are gone. And I think it puts a special obligation and anyone who's trying to write history or tell a story about the past to be attentive to not give up in the face of the asymmetry and to try to repair the historical record by finding other kinds of evidence, the evidence that

But I wouldn't fall into the notion that it is that you're assembling an exquisite

and representative archive. We are not making an official archive. It probably won't be exquisite, but we are going to tell our story, the story of the United States through objects, 100 objects, to be exact. We are going to try to look beyond the official record. Outside of the things, we've already thought to preserve and put behind museum glass. Instead, we're going to talk to historians and writers and storytellers and just normal people

about discarded objects and small personal keepsakes and all kinds of things that are so common,

“we don't think about how important they really are. We're going to see what stories,”

those kinds of objects have to tell us about where we've been as a country, the good and the bad,

the promises and the failures. Toil of four, thank you so much for talking with me. I really had a great time. No, I had a great time too. I can't wait to see what you guys put in your safe. Whatever we put in our safe, it won't be a time capsule for the future. This is a collection for right now and ongoing weekly exhibit of the past to help us understand this moment.

And we need you. I want you to look in your atics and think back through your family histories and tell us what objects you think tell a bigger story of America. Email us at 100 objects at 995i.org. It's going to take all of us for gotten nobody's to do this right. Join us as we make history. There was a version of the show back in 2010 from the BBC that was focused on the world.

A history of the world in 100 objects. The story is all came from objects housed in the British Museum and I loved it. It was a landmark show. So I'm proud to be working with BBC studios on this new and reimagined version, picking up the mantle and telling stories about the USA. We'll be bringing you new episodes every Friday right here in the 99% of his bullfeed.

“Our next episode will air next Friday but if you want to hear that episode in all future episodes”

one week early, subscribe to Sirius XM Podcast Plus. My guest Jill Lepore is a historian, professor of American history at Harvard University and professor of law at Harvard Law School. She's also a staff writer at the New Yorker and a brand new recipient of the Pulitzer Prize. I love every single one of her books

but the Jubilee edition of her amazing book, "These Truths, a History of the United States."

It was just released. It's so good, guys. You gotta read it. A history of the United States in a hundred objects is a production of 99% of visible and BBC studios. It's hosted and curated by me, Roman Mars. Our series producers are Priscilla, Alibi, Brenna, Dol Dorf and Ellie Lightfoot. Our associate producer is Isaac Fisher. This series was edited by Annie Brown and Courtney Harrell,

mixing by Charlie Brandon King, fact checking by Amy Bracken. Our theme song is by Swan Real. From 99% of visible our executive producer is Kathy too, from BBC studios our executive producers are Annie Brown and Courtney Harrell. Our production coordinator is Shan Pelle. And the production manager is a Mabel Fennigan Wright, art work by Stefan Lawrence. 99% of visible is part of the serious XM podcast family. Headquartered in beautiful,

uptown, Oakland, California, and BBC studios is headquartered in beautiful, white city, West London.

“If you want to get in touch or have an object for us to consider, email us at 100”

objects at 99PI.org. Thank you to the Julian P. Cancer Collection at the Carl Albert Center Archives and the Gerald Ford Presidential Library for use of the audio of the opening of the century safe.