When will oil be too expensive?

This is Marketplace.

“In Denver, I'm Amy Scott, In Forkai Resdall.”

It's Monday, March 16th. Good to have you with us. It is Fed Week, meaning the committee that guides short-term interest rates in this economy will meet starting tomorrow to discuss the state of that economy. We'll get its decision on the federal funds rate on Wednesday.

The last time the Fed changed that rate with a quarter-point cut was December, then we got a pause in January and most analysts expect the Fed to hold rates steady this time, too. Marketplace's Christian Schwab looks at why, and what officials will be watching for in the months ahead. Between elevated inflation and a shaky job market, the Federal Reserve had already

been setting the stage for an interest rate hold.

Former Fed Governor Randy Crosner says now with the war, the hold is basically cemented

here and around the world.

“Almost every major central bank is having a meeting this week, and I think almost all”

of them are going to stay on hold. Uncertainty forces economies to stop, observe, and recalibrate, says former Fed Advisor Ellen Mead. If an oil shock or something very similar to it is short-lived, probably the best thing a central bank can do is just wait.

Wait to see how long the war lasts, and wait to see how deeply oil prices affect other prices, because expensive oil. It's a stag-flationary shock, pricey gas could make consumers pull back on other spending,

which would slow down the economy.

Pricey gas could also make goods more expensive, and push inflation up. Now, usually, central bankers write this kind of shock off as a one-time thing, as transitory. You know, that language has sort of been tard and feathered, I think, by the experience

“during the pandemic. Back then, the Fed insisted inflation was transitory, but it ended up”

peaking above 9%, and still hasn't come all the way down to the target rate of two. David Westell, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, says the Fed has to use different messaging this time. They can't count on people being so calm about inflation, because we've had inflation in recent memory.

If people already believe inflation is likely, it could drive more inflation, and Westell says that possibility is enough for the Fed to be more hesitant than usual about cutting rates in the coming months. I'm Kristen Schwab, for Marketplace. As surprisingly, buoyant day on Wall Street today, we'll have the details when we do the

numbers. , President Trump continues to pressure U.S. allies to help open the straight of foremoos, which Iran has effectively closed in response to U.S. Israeli strikes. About 20% of the world's oil supply typically passes through the shipping channel, the

price of bread crude closed above $100 a barrel today for the third straight trading session,

as the President's war in the Middle East entered its third week. For context, just a few weeks ago, that price was around $70. As Marketplace's Justin Ho reports, drivers are largely taking the recent spike in stride, but for how much longer. Economist described demand for oil as "anylastic."

When we say "inelastic," what we mean is that demand doesn't change very much in response to price. That's George Perk, a spoke investment group. He says "energy is getting more expensive, but people can't really do much about it." What am I going to do instead?

Am I going to drive less? Well, most of what I'm doing to drive, I can't really avoid. I can't avoid my commute to work. I can't avoid picking my kids up from school or going to the grocery store. That said, there is a point where the price of oil gets so high that people actually

start to pull back, but it's hard to know exactly where that is. Over a hundred and twenty, it really starts to bite. And as we get up to around $140, it would be a steady progression. If you got up to $150, that would really start to squeeze things. The Middle East was John Canovan, an Oxford economics, and that last voice was Ben Aeros at

nationwide. He says up until that point, consumers would simply face more inflation, so they'd have less money to pay for other things, same with businesses. Maybe I just won't make one less higher, or it won't expand as much in one capacity,

But if oil prices break through that 120 or $40 or $50 threshold, economies around the

world might stumble, says John Canovan at Oxford economics.

“Is it more likely to, perhaps, push the European Union or Japan into a recession?”

They are more reliant on the oil that is moving through the straight of our moves. Canovan says a recession could happen here, too. But even at those prices, the U.S. has advantages. For one, we produce plenty of our own oil, and George Perk's at the Spoken Investment Group says the economy, up until the war, was doing okay.

The thing about the U.S. economy is that it's very large and has a lot of momentum, and it's really hard to knock it off, the trend that it's on, and so you do need a really big shock. Perk says the price of oil might have to hit $200 a barrel, to push the U.S. economy into a recession.

I'm just in, huh, for Marketplace. We just heard from Justin about how consumers respond to higher oil prices.

“Now we turn to Texas, where two critical industries in the state are feeling the impacts”

of the increased cost of fuel and fertilizer. Marketplace's Elizabeth Troval has that story. In an open field in Brzoria County, south of Houston, near the coast, Farmer Casey Smith shows me around his newly planted rice crop. This is the early stage, right?

We're in the first 10 days, two weeks of this crop.

It'll get about waste all by the time we harvest. Today the rice plants are about three inches high. They look like blades of grass, peaking through the dirt, and they're in tidy rows. My son actually planted this field, my 12 year old, he planted this. Once this field dries out, Smith will be adding fertilizer, but when he got a quote for

the Urea fertilizer, he uses the price per ton jumped about 25% since the war started less than three weeks ago.

“It's definitely gone up, and so I think that's about 30, 40 bucks an acre when he started”

applying it to the field, so it didn't take very long to add up some expenses. Add that to the increase in diesel prices, which have gone up by about 50 or so, and

he's looking at tens of thousands of dollars in additional expenses.

These days, I mean, it's a big expense. My farm here, we're typically burning, you know, 20 to 25,000 gallons of fuel a year. Smith loves rice farming, but it's a brutal business, and now, because of the war in the Middle East, which has constrained the flow of global oil, natural gas, and other petroleum products like fertilizer, Smith worries what this means for his operating costs.

This crop will not make enough yield to offset any of those expenses. It's just, it's just going to take off our bottom line, which there is no bottom line. I mean, we're, we're, we're paper thin. Because we talk in his rice fields. I can't help but notice the giant industrial buildings with smoke stacks in the distance.

Is that a refinery? Yes, ma'am. Sure is. That's, there's, those are all refineries. Absolutely.

A visual reminder of which industry is king in Texas. Here along the Gulf Coast is where refineries are concentrated, but 500 miles northwest of here is the engine of US oil production. The Permian Basin in West Texas, you'd think that production would go up with higher prices. There's no drill, baby drill happening because of this.

Nikki Morris with Texas Christian University says, since for now, this crisis is temporary, high oil prices aren't going to suddenly spur a bunch more drilling. Most of the capex budgets, drills, schedules, all of that, and particularly Texas New Mexico, are already set. But even without a big increase in production, higher prices still benefit oil companies

and oil-producing economies, says car ingham with the Texas Alliance of Energy Producers. Anytime it goes up, just means more regional crude oil and natural gas income that then gets spent somehow in the economy. He says higher prices lead to increased retail and auto sales and generate more tax revenue. So while gasoline prices may loom large in many US cities, there's the signed downtown

in Midland, Texas that has the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil posted. And it's front and center, they know what the price of crude oil is out there. They know what it means when crude oil goes higher in the Permian Basin. And even rice farmer Casey Smith, who is paying more for diesel and fertilizer, has a nuanced

I also work in refineries about 60 days a year.

“That's how I get healthcare from my family and that's how we keep the lights on at the”

house. Smith's job in oil and gas gives him the financial freedom to do what he loves, rice farming. In Bristoria County, Texas, I'm Elizabeth Troval from Marketplace. Hey, so when was the last time you went to see the dentist?

Well, there are other reasons people might avoid going. Cost can be one factor. In a humanity study, 57% of US adults said they delayed dental treatment to take care of other expenses. That figure was even higher for parents and other caretakers.

But dental patients aren't the only ones facing higher costs. All this week, in our series, my economy, we're bringing new stories from inside the world of healthcare.

“My name is Katherine Sislo, I am a dentist and owner of Sislo family dental and Greenwood”

Village, Colorado. I graduated dental school in 2019 and then I went on for a residency, which was out in the hospital. So I was working in the hospital, right as the COVID stuff was hitting. And when I left my residency, there were no jobs done.

I couldn't find a single associate ship. I couldn't find anything in public health, there was nothing in academia. I was like, I'll just do your cleaning as I'll be your hygienist and I still could not find a job. I was like six months in and I was like, I need to make money.

I'd always assumed I'd own a practice at some point and so I went out and started looking

at practice brokers and found a practice, bought it, and dental school, they don't teach you how to run a practice, how to run a business. So trial by fire, absolutely. The initial investment friend was very, very large and I was probably around my three-year mark where I was like, I was still on the red.

I still wasn't making any money at all and I was like, at what point do I say, this isn't working. I need to go find a job where I can make some money. There's a very, very strong idea that dentists are, you know, they're very, very wealthy,

“you know, oh, my crown is just paying for your next boat payment, right?”

And I'm like, you haven't even touched the cost of my rent for this month, but I was very grateful that I stuck it out so that I can treat my patients the way I feel that they should be treated without a quota from a corporate office or a private equity thing. I need to push this treatment, I didn't want that. I had no idea when I went into dentistry, how expensive every aspect of dentistry is.

We are essentially creating a very small surgical suite inside our office. We have interoral scanners, that's 15 to 35,000 dollars. We have all of our sterilization stuff, that's another 15, $20,000. Just the filling materials themselves are each little capsule is $5, $20, $30. So when you look at what just the physical cost of materials is for something as simple

as a filling and then you throw in all the other overhead with it, you look back and you're like, wow, you're barely making, you know, above minimum wage if that filling takes you more than an hour. And you end up working on extremely small margins anyway because in multiple scenarios, the reimbursement we get from insurance has gone down and the cost of everything has gone

up in 25, 30 years, but what we're getting paid has not. So when they do things like say we're going to cut your reimbursement, it's not, oh, I can't afford my boat payment, it's I can't afford to pay my employees.

For me, my goal has never been to be the multimillionaire.

I don't want to own 10 practices. I don't want to do that. I would love to just have, you know, small home have my practice treat patients the way that I want to, that's all I need. Katherine Cislow, owner and dentist at Cislow family dental in Greenwood Village, Colorado.

We always say it, we can't do this series without you, so let us know what's going on in your economy. Click at place.org/myaconomy.

The criminal can launch multiple attacks at once.

“AI is making scammers harder to beat, but first let's do the numbers.”

The Dow Jones industrial average added 387 points, eight tenths of a percenticle is at 46,946. The Nasdaq picked up 268 points, one and two tenths for cent to finish at 22,374 and the S&P 500 rose 67 points, one percent, to end at 66,99, meta is planning to lay off 20% of its 79,000 workers, according to warriors. That would be more than 15,000 people.

This news comes while the social media company says it's paying the AI cloud firm nebius, $27 billion over the next five years for infrastructure services, meta platforms skipped up to and three tenths percent, nebius group sort 15 percent, bonds rose the yield on the 10-year genome fell to 4.22 percent, you're listening to Marketplace. This is Marketplace, I'm Amy Scott, scanning labels at the supermarket these days, you're

more than likely to spot two hyphenated words, plant-based, and not just in the food aisle between 2012 and 2018 Market Research firm Nintel says the number of plant-based

package goods more than quadrupled, but what that term actually means isn't always clear.

Adam Clark Estus looked into it at Vox and joins me now, Adam, welcome to the program. Hey, thanks for having me. Like many good stories, this one seems to have started with your personal experience, describe what happened. I had a baby, well my wife and I had a baby, and we were buying all kinds of baby items

and not just that, we were getting a lot of ads for baby items, and I just noticed this phrase popping up everywhere, plant-based, and I was used to seeing plant-based meat in the grocery store and things like that, but not like plant-based diapers or plant-based toys or plant-based white. Just all kinds of things that were plant-based that I couldn't figure out why they needed

to be plant-based or with the benefit of them being plant-based white. So I decided I'm a reporter, I would report it out.

“If I see a label that says that something is plant-based, what does that actually mean, though?”

It probably means that there's something in that product that is derived from plants. And that might be it. The term plant-based is not akin to like certified organic. There is no list of requirements that a company has to meet in order to call their product plant-based.

It's totally unregulated. But in general, I think it also really signals that it is not petroleum-based. That doesn't actually mean that there's not a petroleum-based product in it, but they're trying to view away from petroleum-based plastics and other petroleum-based products. Yeah, and a lot of people would like to have a lighter impact on the planet, whether it's

through pollution or waste or carbon emissions. And if something is plant-based, does that necessarily mean it's better for people or the planet? So if we're talking about food, there's a ton of evidence that plant-based diets are really good for you. But what got me interested in this term was not food.

It was all of the other products and trying to learn if plant-based plastics, there were plant-based legos, or those really better for the environment. And I hate to say it, but I actually think not really the most popular plant-based plastic in order to compost it. It has to go through a really intense industrial process.

And when these bio-based plastics are plant-based plastics end up in a landfill, they stick around just as long as the petroleum-based ones do. What about microplastics?

“Something people are very concerned about these days?”

Lately there's been a little bit of pushback from researchers who say that the freak out over what they're doing to us is sort of, we just haven't researched it enough. But we do know that they're out there and we have no reasons to believe that plant-based products don't create microplastics the same way that petroleum-based plastics do. So after doing this reporting, do you have any takeaways advice for people who want to

shop conscientiously? I would recommend that people do their research. There is actually a trade organization called the Plant-Based Products Council that is working to promote renewable bio-based products and knowledge about those products. It's not quite the level of rigor you see from certified organic or fair trade, but it

could be moving in that direction. There are other certifications, though, and I'm a fan of certifications, because you can see it on a label and kind of know that it's past some tests and there is an organization

looking after. For my kids, for instance, I always look for OECO text, that's how I say

I've never known how to pronounce that, but I know what you're talking about. It's for fabrics,

right?

“It's for fabrics, yeah, and it's an independent certification, and I think it's increasingly”

popular, and if I see that a group sheet or a pair of pajamas has that on it, I know that it is at least past some tests, and I feel good about that. Adam Clarke Estus is a senior tech correspondent for Vox, where he wrote about Plant-Based Products, Food, and otherwise. Thanks so much. Thank you.

A coalition of big tech companies and retailers is coming together to fight online scams at the UN Global Fraud Summit that kicked off in Austria today. Brands including Google, Meta, Amazon, OpenAI, and Match Group, the dating app company, signed an industry accord. They promised to share intelligence about threats on their platforms with each other and

“with law enforcement and to step up fraud detection efforts. Financial losses due to scams”

have exploded in recent years, as AI tools have enabled more sophisticated schemes. Marketplaces Meghan McCarty Carino has more on the new agreement.

Consumers and organizations lost $62 billion in financial fraud scams between 2023 and 2025,

according to a new report from Nasdaq Verifin. The toll is grown by almost 20 percent, as AI has industrialized scamming, says Verifin Fraud Expert Greg Williamson. "So we think of the fishing attacks that have been happening for years. Those are becoming cleaner, much more difficult to detect, but also more personal lives."

No more misspellings and low-quality graphics. Eric O'Neill, author of spies, lies, and cybercrime, says any scammer can now run the type of sophisticated long-con that used to require massive time investment and specialized skills. "The criminal can launch multiple attacks at once and has a fleet of evil AI agents doing the work for them."

"Agence that comb through social media to find biographical information about potential victims and create online profiles with convincing AI-generated photos and backstories. They can create fraudulent websites, chat with victims, or even appear on video." These are sometimes called pig-butchering scams, because criminals build up trust over a long period before they strike. Mikey Prueut at Security Software firm DNS filter

says the contact often starts on dating apps, then moves to social media or messaging platforms.

"The problem is they each see a segment of the scam. So they're catching one piece and

met us catching another and then Amazon is catching another."

“"Cordination between these various services is crucial to catching these crimes before they”

happen," says Alice Marwick at Data and Society. "Scams are a global problem. They're perpetrated by global criminal organizations and they affect people all over the world." She says this isn't a problem a single country or even a single platform is going to be able to fix on its own. I'm making McCarty Corino for Marketplace." This final note on the way out today, here in Colorado, thousands of workers walked off the

job at one of the country's largest meatpacking plants owned by JBS USA. About 3,800 workers are on strike after their contract expired yesterday, workers are fighting for higher pay and better healthcare to compensate for what they say is difficult and dangerous work. Union representative say it's the first strike in the industry in four decades and it comes as consumers continue to face higher beef prices that are about 15% up from a year ago.

Amir Babawi, Caitlyn Esch, John Gordon, Noya Carr, and Stephanie Seek are the Marketplace editing staff, Kelly Solvera is the news director and I'm Amy Scott. Hope to see you back here tomorrow. This is APN. You can turn to Marketplace to hear from powerful leaders and everyday people about the economy

and challenges as we plan for the future. As a public media program donations from you are a

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