Planet Money vs. the NBA’s tanking problem

Every year, as winter starts to turn to spring, this very weird thing starts to happen

in the NBA. Diehard fans begin rooting against their favorite teams. This is the only time and recorded human history where I'm not even the slightest bit mad that we're losing to the Brooklyn Nets. You can bet every loss means so much more for these teams and they're not hiding it at all.

That's right, it is tanking season. Somebody gonna see this score and wonder if we even tried. No good sir, no we did not. Right now, some of the greatest athletes in the history of the world are being paid millions of dollars to lose.

So the Utah Jazz are not even trying to hide the fact that they're tanking. They were up by as much as 17 points last night against the magic. Well, Hardy then in the fourth quarter pulls the entire rotation out and throws in a bunch of glee dudes to completely give that game away back to the magic. Now this is so normal in the NBA that if you're a sports fan, you're like, yeah, of course

they're losing games on purpose. The league gives the teams what the worst records, the best chance of getting one of the top picks in the next NBA draft, so teams have this real incentive to be as bad as possible. So yeah, tanking is rational, but if you are a fan of one of these tanking teams, it can be rough.

And I watched that Pacer's game last night and it was the most disgusting thing I've ever seen. Like I said, something smells fishy here.

“What about teams like the kids who are flat out benching everybody?”

If you're curious, we will share the social media handles for all the voices of fans we use in our credits. And it's not just fans who feel this way.

Here is the most powerful man in the NBA commissioner Adam Silver.

Are we seeing behavior that is worse this year than we've seen in recent memory? Yes, is my view. Adam Silver also said the league is considering every possible remedy to fix tanking. There have been lots of different ideas out there over the years looking at whether there's a better system here to try to align incentives.

So Adam Silver, you are saying you have an incentive this problem and you need some creative solutions. I mean, you might as well shine a giant planet money sign up into this guy. Yeah, yeah, we got you Adam Silver. Hello and welcome to Planet Money, I'm Keith Romer.

And I'm Erica Barris, every system of rules creates incentives. This is true, whether you're talking about CEO stock options or regulating greenhouse gases or yes, the NBA draft.

“So if you want to change the behavior of the people operating within a system, change the”

rules that govern that system. Today on the show, Planet Money fixes the NBA's tanking problem by fixing the NBA draft. We will look at three radical proposals we're changing the draft and talk to an Olympic gold medalist and a world cup champion. This message comes from a Mara prize financial.

Vice President Dina Hilly shares why she believes many clients recommend a Mara prize to their family and friends. It's because they've had an experience with an advisor that was positive for them that

helped them understand their most important financial decision.

And we see that clients routinely want to extend that sense of security and confidence to the people that matter most to them. For more information and important disclosures, visit AmeriPrize.com/advice. Securities offered by AmeriPrize Financial Services LLC, Member Finra and SIPC. Let us just consider for a moment the majesty of sports.

The very best athletes competing as hard as they know how, putting all their effort and training and natural ability to do the test against their opponents. Yeah. This time of year, that's not what you see when you turn on a random NBA game. Because of tanking, a lot of NBA games are basically not even worth watching right now.

It's bad for fans and it's bad for the league. So to help us think through what to do about this box on the game of basketball, we reach out to someone who lives and breathes this stuff.

“How much time in your life do you think you've spent watching basketball games?”

Can I just pass? I don't want to actually sit down to do the math. So my religion is two games at a minimum, I don't know, I don't even want to venture a guess it's too much. I mean, I think it must be years, right, at this point.

That's depressing, that's depressing.

I love watching basketball, but it years as we only have so many years, that's a lot of fun.

“That is Zach Low, host of the podcast, the Zach Low Show, longtime NBA reporter and commentator”

for sports illustrated in ESPN and now the ringer. Yep, important member of my household, my husband listens to Zach Low just about every single day. Shout out to Andy and his fandom.

Okay, so Zach says the whole tanking problem basically boils down to incentives.

Teams are trying to lose to get a higher slot in the NBA draft. So we're going to start with kind of a history of the different incentives. The league has offered teams in the draft over the years. Back in the 1960s and 70s, the NBA draft system was pretty simple. Teams got to pick, which young players coming out of college would come and play for them.

And to try to keep the league as competitive as possible, those picks were distributed in a very intentional way. The league decided, as many leagues do, that the draft should more or less go in reverse order with the worst teams picking high and the best teams picking low.

“And so that's what the draft is designed to do.”

Every year, the worst team from the Western Conference and the worst team in the Eastern Conference would flip a coin to see who got the number one pick. And from there, draft picks were assigned to the next worst team and then the next worst team and so on. And you can see the logic of a reverse order draft.

Let's give hope to the bad teams. Maybe they won't stay bad forever because they can get the next great start coming out of college. But as long as that general incentive structure exists, teams are going to exploit it in whatever ways or advantageous for them. This famously came to a head back in 1984.

That year, the draft featured a couple of players that were so good that teams had a big incentive to exploit the rules a little. Yeah, Hakima Lajjuan and another guy you might have heard of, Michael Jordan, they were going to be in the draft that year. And here's the rockets were like, if we got one of those players, this could change everything.

So maybe, you know, we lose this year so that we can win next year and the year after that and the year after that and the year after that. So to make sure they got a shot at a top pick, the rockets started sitting their best players, giving worse, washed up players big minutes. They managed to lose 14 of their last 17 games and it worked.

They ended up with the first overall pick.

The Houston rockets, who I represented here by owner Charlie Thomas and his daughter Tracy, select a team alive one of the University of Houston. The rockets got their star and they ended up winning two NBA championships with a Lajjuan.

“1984, it was an important year in the history of tanking because it launched this decades”

long game of cat and mouse between NBA teams tanking and the league trying to stop them from tanking. For the league, teams intentionally losing games was a terrible look. So to try to avoid a repeat of the whole rockets tanking fiasco, the league remade the rules for the draft.

Now there is going to be a lottery. Every team that missed the playoffs would get their name thrown into a big drum. As soon as the drum is closed, it will be turned to mix the envelopes. Then they would draw to see who got the top picks. The envelopes will now be selected from the drum by the representatives of the participating

teams. It's not mattering whether you finish dead last or just missed the playoffs. The league added some randomness to their draft that is still there today. What's the randomization trying to maximize? It's trying to discourage object obvious horrible tanking.

It's trying to remove the incentives or decrease the incentives for being a 15 win team, just a terrible team that's intentionally bottoming out. And the change worked, at least as far as making tanking less attractive. But every new set of rules contains new trade-offs. And while the lottery lowered the incentives for teams to fall on tank, it also made

it way harder for some not at all tanking, just genuinely bad teams to ever get better. Now, instead of getting a top pick that could have made them relevant again, the worse teams sometimes ended up picking 4th or 5th or 7th. So some bad teams just stayed bad. Over the years, the league has tried all these different tweaks.

In 1987, they made it so only the first three picks were determined by a lottery.

Then in 1990, they waited the lottery so that the worse your team was, the better chance you had of getting a top pick, you know, giving bad teams more hope. Then in 1994, they increased the odds for the worst teams even more. So even more hope in 1996, they went the other way and decreased the odds a little

And the league stuck with that version of things for a few decades, until in 2019, they

“went back in the direction of randomness.”

They increased the number of picks in the lottery from 3 to 4 and they flattened the odds again, by kind of a lot. You used to have a 25% chance to get in the number one pick if you were the worst team in the league. Now, it was going to be just 14%.

The whole point of it was to discourage teams from being the absolute worst teams in the league. But this year, there are a few players coming out of college that people think could be really good. So even with those lower odds, a lot of teams have decided that it's still worth it to throw

away the rest of the season to tank for a shot at a better draft pick. Yeah, Zack says teams are maybe more motivated to tank in the NBA than in other sports because of just how valuable a single great player can be. There are only five players on the court at a time for a team. The best players can have the ball on every single possession.

And so a superstar is uniquely valuable in basketball. Now, Zack has heard all sorts of ideas about how to fix this tanking problem. Everyone has their favorite solution. I mean, the number of emails and tweets and suggestions, everyone has a fix that is they think is the silver bullet.

He's heard the one about making it so that no team can have a top 4 draft pick two years in a row. And the one that says if you make it deep enough into the playoffs, you can't get a top pick the following year. But Zack says if your only goal is to stop teams from losing games to get a better draft

pick, there is a pretty straightforward solution. I think you can eradicate tanking. It just requires none of these bandits, none of these like many fixes on top of many fixes that might open holes everywhere else.

“It requires you have to snap the connection between a team's record and where it picks”

in the draft. If your draft pick had nothing to do with how bad your record was, there would be no reason to intentionally lose games. One of the more elegant proposals for how to snap that connection between losing and draft picks is something called the draft wheel.

I think I first learned about it in the summer of 2013.

I learned about it at a bar in Las Vegas as many people learn things at bars in Las Vegas. I feel like NBA draft reforms is low on the list of things that people learn in bars in Las Vegas. Not during NBA Summer League, NBA Summer League, the NBA takes over Las Vegas. The seasons over, free agency is over, the draft is over, this is when people have these

kind of conversations because there's nothing else going on. So at that bar there in Vegas, Zack finds himself talking to someone he knows from the front office of the Boston Celtics, an executive named Mike Zaren. And Mike starts explaining to Zack his elaborate draft wheel idea.

“The wheel has 30 spokes, one for each first round selection.”

So there's a spoke for pick one, pick six, pick 10, pick 20, whatever. And then over 30 years, you just cycle like you're ticking around a clock kind of through all 30 picks in a pre-determined order. And Mike Zaren's draft wheel is going to be the first of our proposals for how to fix tanking in the NBA.

So imagine a wheel, all 30 teams in the NBA get assigned to one of the 30 spokes of the wheel. And then each year, they advance one spoke around the wheel. The spokes don't go first, pick second, pick third, pick. Instead, the order looks kind of random.

There were a few versions of the wheel over the years, but in the first version, after pick number one, the next spoke was the 30th pick, then the 19th, the 18th, the seventh, the sixth. The idea was very simple. Like, it doesn't matter what your record is in this particular year.

You pick where the wheel says you pick. And so there's no benefit to being bad in this particular year or good in this particular year, because the wheel sets the order for you. And mathematically, the design of the wheel is a thing of beauty. Every five years, you're guaranteed one top six pick and one pick, seven through 12.

Hope was always at least somewhere on the horizon, so it's not like you'd ever go through

a series of five picks that were like 27, 22, 29 and 30. After 30 years, every team will have moved through all 30 picks, and then they start another trip around the wheel. Max says the league did talk about the draft wheel sum, and a lot of teams are really resistant for a couple of pretty fundamental reasons.

Number one is just a general principle of our bad teams going to get trapped into badness for longer. Like, if my team just stinks, and the next three picks on the wheel are 11, 29 and 16. And I'm a fan of that team. I'm just like checking out for three years until the wheel spits me out somewhere else.

Under the current system, if you're bad, you get help right away in the draft. But with the draft wheel, no matter how crappy your team is, you are still just going to get whatever pick the draft wheel says is on the next book.

And connected to that, there is always some contingent of small market owners, front

free agency. No player is going to pick us in mid west city ex over Los Angeles or New York or Miami.

“And so our best and most secure vehicle to getting a superstar player is being bad in the”

right draft and getting lucky in the lottery. And if you take that away from us, is it going to increase the disparity between big market teams and small market teams? But it is those are the two main sort of quibbles that come up. Too many of these smaller market teams were worried that the draft wheel would take too

much hope away from bad teams, and that's partly why the wheel never really got serious

traction. Yeah, big changes like this, they are not done top down by the league. It would take a vote of all 30 teams and would require three fourths of the teams to say yes. So a lot of teams would need to change their minds for this to become a reality. So for our next option for fixing the NBA's tanking problem, we went looking for a plan

that could limit tanking without completely doing away with the whole hope element of things. And we found it in women's hockey. I don't always get to start interviews this way.

“And so I'm going to take the opportunity today because I have it.”

How many Olympic medals do you have? I have five Olympic medals, four Olympic gold medals and one Olympic silver medal. That is hockey Hall of Famer Jaina Haferd, arguably the greatest athlete we've ever had on the show. Second greatest.

Thank you very much. Second greatest to you. Jaina won her five medals across five different Olympics as one of the stars of the Canadian Women's hockey team. These days, Jaina is in charge of hockey operations for the PWHL, the professional women's

hockey league. The PWHL first of all was established in 2024. Well, established in 2023, but dropped the puck in 2024. So still a fairly young league. Jaina helped launch the league.

And she says one of the benefits of being a young league was that they had the ability to

experiment to not just do things the way they've always been done.

As we were setting up the entire league really, we had, I guess, a culture of mindset that said, you know, we want to think outside the box. We want to be creative. We want to do things differently. One of the things they did differently was their draft.

Yeah, Jaina and her colleagues, they could see how just giving the best draft picks to the teams that lost the most games was hurting other leagues, how bad tanking was, especially for fans. There's many people that may be only get to one NHL or NBA or NFL game a year. And if you get to bring your child there once a year, and then see a team that isn't

“putting their best team on the ice on the court on the field, you know, I think that's”

a really tough place to be as a fan. So to try to limit tanking, but still give bat team some hope, the PWHL adopted this idea that had been floating around for over a decade. Something called the gold plan. So the gold plan was developed by a gentleman by the name of Adam Gold.

And what it does is it ensures that there is no tanking with teams that they don't just play lesser players to try to earn or get their way to the first draft pick by losing. Once you're eliminated from playoffs, you actually have to be the highest performing team to get the first overall pick. Yeah, the gold plan takes the standard reverse order draft and adds this twist.

So to take the PWHL right now as an example, currently the two teams of the worst records in the league are the Seattle tournament and the Vancouver gold nice. Let's say Vancouver gets mathematically eliminated from the playoffs first. From that day forward, every game they win, works for them instead of against them. Then say a couple weeks later, Seattle gets eliminated.

Now Seattle is also incentivized to try as hard as they can to win games to compete with Vancouver and whoever else might get eliminated from playoff contention. Whichever team ends up racking up the most points after they're eliminated from the playoffs, that team gets the highest pick. The fans of a team that gets eliminated early, they have reason to continue to show up

and to continue to cheer for their team to win games and earn points so that they can earn the top draft pick. Like imagine that it comes down to the very last game of the season. Vancouver and Seattle are playing head to head. Both teams have had this rough year.

They've lost a lot of games, but now their fans are going wild because they know if their team wins, they will get the better pick in the next year's draft.

That would be amazing sports theater.

But every new system comes with new tradeoffs. Sure, the goal planning creases at bat teams incentives to keep trying hard, but Jane acknowledges it could also limit their chances to get better. You know, if I had to see one downside, I think it would be that if you did have a team

be challenging for them to continue to get better without top young talent. Right.

“If a team is just perpetually really, really bad and they're so bad that they can't”

even win with this new incentive, then yeah. Right. It's still early days for the PWHL, the league is in the process of adding teams. So this is the first year that the goal plan might really shake up the draft order in a dramatic way.

But Jane is pretty confident that the pros of the goal plan are going to outweigh any possible kinds. So, would it work in the NBA? Well, it's obviously not apples to apples for one thing. There's a lot more money it's taken in the NBA.

It can be worth potentially as much as a billion dollars for a team to be able to draft the

next LeBron James. And the same bottom line cynicism that leads NBA teams to tank now, that would still be there. Yeah. If teams wanted to tank under the goal plan, they still could.

They just have to tank at the beginning of the season. Then turn it on once they're eliminated from the playoffs.

“For me though, I still kind of like the goal plan because it's like a dare, right?”

Wood NBA teams actually be willing to be that cynical and just intentionally lose their first 20 or 30 games of a season. No. I kind of think mostly no, but it's hard to say. No.

So in the event that NBA front offices really might sink that low, we're going to consider one final plan for how to get rid of tanking. Let's call it the Milton Friedman approach. And this plan is already being used right now in a different U.S. sports league. That's after the break.

How to fix the NBA's tanking problem? Well, you could do something like the draft wheel and just completely break the connection between losing and getting a high draft pick. But then you're risking bad teams just staying bad for years and years and years. Or you could use the gold plan and incentivize teams to keep winning games even after

they've been eliminated from the playoffs. But like we said, teams might still be willing to game the system.

So for our third and final proposal, we wanted to go a little bigger, a little more radical.

And we brought in another big shot. Let's start this way. How do you like to be introduced?

“World Cup Champion Samuus, editor-in-chief of the Women's Games Samuus?”

Wow. Both. Ideally. In case your household is a less religious follower of the U.S. Women's National team than mine is, Samuus legendary mid-fielder former professional soccer player.

And now host of a collegian podcast about women's soccer for the women's game. For most of her professional career, Sam played in the NWSL, the National Women's Soccer League. And in the NWSL, there is no tanking at all, because in 2024, they decided to get rid of their draft entirely.

Players who want to enter the league can just enter into conversations with teams that they're interested in that are interested in them back, and they can negotiate a contract just as individuals kind of on their own accord. Now, if every team wants to sign the same young phenom, they have to compete for her on the open market.

Try to outbite each other on salary or who can provide the best place to develop as a player. Now the clubs are competing to have the best facilities, the best coach, the best environment, the best culture, the best fans, they have to make sure that their team situation is in appealing place for these young players to go play. There is a salary cap in the NWSL, so it's not just full on free market anarchy, but

without a draft, teams have to decide way more precisely how much a young player is worth to them. And then pay them. Interestingly, Sam says she thinks the primary motivation for eliminating the draft was not actually trying to fight tanking.

Instead, she says the NWSL was trying to deal with two pretty idiosyncratic problems.

The first problem was that at a certain point, the NWSL got some competition.

In the UK, the WSL, the women's super league, started bringing together really strong teams who were willing to pay top dollar for elite players. You could play for a team like Chelsea, Manchester City, Manchester United, Arsenal. Top players who didn't like where they were drafted could just go play overseas. The second problem, the NWSL, like a lot of soccer leagues, allowed teams to sign some

pretty young players, but the league didn't want a situation where a 16-year-old had to move thousands of miles because she got drafted by a team across the country. So players under the age of 18 were exempted from the draft.

The really great, youngest talent was skipping the draft and what they were choosing teams

that have great environments, probably a good amount of money, and were really good places for a teenager to go play instead of going to college. So the NWSL got rid of their draft for a bunch of reasons that had nothing at all to do with tanking. But it's not hard to see how not having a draft changes the incentives for teams.

Yeah, without a draft, there is precisely zero reward for a team losing more games.

“We're a year into this experiment, how do you think it's working out?”

Super interesting, obviously one year is not a ton of data. I definitely don't think it was a problem. I think that, you know, just anecdotally and feelings wise, the rookies did great. And Sam says, even without a draft, small market franchises could still build strong teams.

There is still this opportunity for smaller market teams to carve out an environment for their players that is appealing even if they aren't paying top dollar, having other things as a part of your club environment that are really, really important to you could still allow these smaller market teams to be successful. But she also recognizes that with no draft owners with deeper pockets might be able to build

powerhouse teams year after year after year after year. I think generally, the wealthiest owners who are the most dedicated and the most committed are going to win, and the top four teams are probably going to keep getting better. This whole time, though, we've been approaching this problem of drafts and tanking from

basically two perspectives on the one hand, the leagues and the fans and on the other hand,

the teams themselves. But Sam says it's also worth thinking about how all of these systems work from a third perspective, the players. There are several reasons why it was specifically important in this league to have players have more of a say where they get to go.

Part of that is a history of abuse in the league or different states have different laws about women's rights and different levels of friendliness towards LGBTQ+ people. I also like to think that player autonomy and seeing these players as like human beings who have a say and where they're going leads to better performance, better engagement with fans,

“better relationship with the club that I think is the lesson to take from the end of”

the settlement in the draft. So it's complicated, like how do you craft a system that perfectly balances the needs of the league, the teams, the players, the fans, it straightoffs all the way down. We reached out to the NBA, they didn't want to do a recorded interview, but they told us that fixing the incentives around tanking was very much on the leagues radar.

And that the NBA Board of Governors was set to meet later this month and would be discussing a bunch of different possible solutions. Okay, Erica. I want you to imagine that you are the NBA commissioner for a day. Finally.

What's your move? Are you going to keep things the same? Do the draft, we have the gold plan, get rid of the draft. I am getting rid of the draft. I'm done with it.

It's over. I personally, I'm team gold plan, but like this stuff is super hard. It is. It's hard to like figure out what's going to end up working in the long run. Our NBA expert, Zach Low, Pete, also doesn't know what the league is going to do, but

he's very confident they're going to do something.

“I think change is a 100% coming, I mean like the outcry planet money is doing a podcast”

about it. Well, you plan a money's doing a podcast, the public shaming, Adam Silver just more or less came out and said, we're looking at everything and they are looking at everything. And I don't know how sweeping and dramatic, like I don't think the draft is going to be abolished in two years, I don't think we're going to a 30 team lottery in two years or

something like that, but I do think changes are definitely coming.

Zach told us he has always been pretty opposed to just getting rid of the reverse order

draft. He wants bad teams to have hope, but after all the tanking this year, he's at least opening his minds to other possible systems. I've come to just sort of think more about what does a world look like when everyone has to try every year and that's all we want from NBA teams.

Just try try. Give a little play the game, just play the game. Planet money is going on tour and I'm sitting here looking at this brand new tote bag. It's amazing. It's like those shirts that fans make for their tours with a list of all the cities

they visit and these bags were made for people who come see us live. The tour starts in April, we're celebrating the release of the Planet Money book. If you buy a ticket at planetmoneybook.com, you can also get this bag while supplies last. Each stop on the tour will have a Planet Money host and a special guest, and all of the stops will have the books main author Alex Mayossi.

This episode was produced by James Sneed with an Assistant Samuel Horses Kessler, who is

edited by Jess J.

“It was fact check by Sierra Juarez, our Skoldmark is our Executive Producer.”

Special thanks to Ryan Nantel, Abdul Ayubi, and Evan Johnson.

The fans we heard from at the top of the show go by the handles, the voice of Evan, full

“court blitz, Ashley Neville, I got next pod, finesse.wast, basketball savance, and Mike”

DeDino.

We'll add links to their videos in our show notes.

I'm Keith Romer. And I'm Erica Baris. This is MPR. Thanks for listening.