Are You Revealing Too Much or Not Enough? & How We Absorb Technology

much older you get, then the problem of oversharing, revealing too much, it may not be the

problem you think it is. The line between TMI, too much information, and the bigger danger in my opinion, TMI, to a little information, that line you can go further towards TMI than you think you can in all kinds of contexts. Also, new clothes are not necessarily clean clothes, and the interesting way humans slowly

adapt to new technology, then we can't live without it. There was a study a few years ago that tried to trace how many times someone touched their phone in the day. The estimate was 2,600 times just for the average user, and power users over 5,000.

“All this today, on something you should know.”

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Something you should know, fascinating intel, the world's top experts, and practical advice you can use in your life today, something you should know, with my curothers. No matter how old you are right now, you will get older, and how you view that process can add or subtract years from your life.

And oh, it sounds amazing.

“And that's why we're going to start this episode of something you should know by talking”

about it. Hi, I'm Mike Herrothers, so in a landmark study from Yale, researchers found that people who have a positive view of aging live seven and a half years longer than those who believe that getting older meant decline. Same access to health care, same general life conditions, the only measurable difference

was mindset. And it doesn't stop there. People who see aging as growth instead of decay show better memory retention, faster walking speed, lower risk of dementia, and better recovery after illness. And the reason is that beliefs don't just sit in your head, they shape your behavior, stress

levels, even cardiovascular response. If you expect to climb, you unconsciously live into it. If you expect growth, you behave differently and your body follows. So maybe the better question isn't how older you, it's what do you believe about getting older?

And that is something you should know. We've all been warned to be careful what you share, don't reveal too much, don't overshare, keep some things to yourself. And we've all experienced the other side of that, the person who tells us way more than we ever wanted to know.

But what have we been getting this wrong? What if sharing more, not less, actually builds trust, strengthens relationships, and even creates professional opportunities? What if oversharing isn't a liability, but a hidden advantage? My guest says the instinct to hold back may be costing you more than you realize.

Leslie John is a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School. And she studies how people make decisions about what to reveal and what to conceal, and what those choices mean for connection, persuasion, and success. She's the author of the book revealing the underrated power of oversharing.

“Hi Leslie, welcome to something you should know.”

Hi, thanks for having me. So you're a professor at Harvard Business School, and this topic about oversharing seems maybe a little outside the scope of that. So I'm curious what your interest is in this topic.

a little bit more in your personal and professional lives. I've actually come to believe that we're not born as open people or close. People rather revealing is a skill that we can develop. And it's not about being open all the time or closed all the time. It's about knowing when to open up to whom and how much and why.

Yeah, well, that seems to be the magic that a lot of people probably do get right and a lot of us get it wrong and regret it later. Yeah, yeah, that's true. But the thing is with the regret aspect, yes, I mean, I, as a card carrying oversharing

“in many respects, I have felt many disclosure hangovers, right?”

It's the day after you've told one to many embarrassing stories or said one to many sensitive things at a party and you're cringing, you're like, oh my God, I can't believe I did that. You live with this sting, this cringe. That definitely sucks, but the thing is it's much shorter lived than we think it is. And what it's often replaced with is something much more meaningful.

So some of my worst overshairs, like sharing my most embarrassing moment to a group of senior colleagues, I definitely had a disclosure hangover the next day, but those senior colleagues actually ended up being some of my closest mentors. And I don't think it was in spite of the sharing. It was in part because of it.

Because why? What happened? Why do you think that was effective in connecting you better? That's a great question. The fundamental thing is trust.

So when you open up and share something a little edgy, a little sensitive, a sensitive thought or a feeling, you're like relinquishing control to the universe. You're saying to the person implicitly, I trust you to not use this against me to not make a fool out of me. You're literally showing your modeling because you're taking a risk, so you're showing

that you're trusting you trust the person, and when you do that, it causes them to trust you more. And that is the foundation of all human relationships, trust, trust is social currency. And you can't just say, "Hey, I'm trustworthy.

“You have to show it by doing something inherently risky."”

And opening up is something that is inherently risky. It for sure has dangers, but the upside we often don't anticipate. Yeah, well, I guess the question then is like, well, where's the line between enough sharing and too much sharing? I mean, how do you know where that is?

Yeah, that's a million, a million dollar question.

I can't tell you it's here exactly at this spot all the time. That's not realistic because it depends on so much, but what I can tell you is the line between TMI to much information and the bigger danger, in my opinion, TLI to little information, that line, you can go further towards TMI than you think you can in all kinds of contexts. So for example, we had a series of studies where we had people watch a video of a manager,

and they watched the manager introduce themselves, and we asked the people in the study, how much do you trust like the manager, how much you want to work for them, and is this person competent? And what we did was we just varied how much the manager self disclosed, how vulnerable they got in this intro.

So the key thing was, in one of the versions, they basically didn't say anything vulnerable.

“In another version, they said, sometimes I get nervous public speaking, right?”

So that's sharing something vulnerable, sharing a weakness, which a manager ordinarily wouldn't do. That's one version. Another version is a little bit further where they said, I sometimes get nervous public speaking, sometimes my hands get sweaty, okay?

So just another level, and then the final level was all of that plus piled on and sometimes I have full blown panic attacks. And what we wanted to see there is your question, where is the line? Well, the line is further than you think.

So people, the first, the version where the person, the manager didn't say anything vulnerable,

that was actually one of the versions where people trusted the manager the least. Again, because they're not, they're not opening up, they're not taking any social risk. But then the two middle ones, where they said, sometimes nervous public speaking, and then even further my, my hands gets sweaty, they still trusted the person wanted to work

The only time when it kind of started to backfire in that you kind of started to think

“is this person competent, was that extreme version where full blown panic attacks, okay?”

So that's TMI there. But saying as a manager, you're sometimes nervous about public speaking and even going so far as to say, and sometimes I feel my palms get a little sweaty, like showing a little bit more of the physiological symptoms, it actually caused people to trust them more and be more willing to work for them relative to when they weren't vulnerable at all.

And it didn't make the people think the manager was incompetent at all, rather they're more relatable. I say this to say that, you know, we've done many, many experiments and all in love, romance and all kinds of different contexts, personal, professional, and the line is a little bit further than where you think it is.

When you described the experiences you've had where you had that hang over the next day,

isn't that telling you something, is that a false alarm or is it really maybe you did? So it could be oversharing as a live and well, TMI is definitely a problem still. But what I would encourage people to do is I wouldn't take your cue from the immediate aftermath necessarily that it was a mistake. You got to kind of look at the long game, and one way to describe this is just to tell you

about how what people tend to regret in life, in interactions and not and what they don't regret. So it turns out that it's something like 76% of the types of regrets that people have are regrets over things they did not do, like including sharing, right, not sharing. So you're much more likely to regret over time in the long run.

You're more likely to regret the things that you did not do over the things that you did. Now, in the immediate aftermath, we often regret the things we did more than the things we didn't do. But in over the course of time, this pattern reverses such that we end up regretting the

things that we didn't do. And that's where undersharing is so problematic, because it's a life of missed opportunities, right? When we don't share, we miss connections. We have colleagues that don't quite trust us.

We have relationships that don't spark. The other thing I would say on regret that I found when I was researching this book that really, really shaped my thinking on this was how there's a palliative care nurse by the name of Brawny Ware, and she's obviously spent a lot of time with people as in their final days.

And she wrote a book on the top five things that people regret most in life when they're dying. Four out of five of those regrets are things that they did not do. And number three, the number three most common regret is, literally, I wish I had shared my feelings more.

So that's that's real food for thought. Yeah, that's really food for thought. And it seems so true, if you even, you don't have to wait until you're almost dead to figure it out, either if you stop and think about it, one of the things you regret right now or probably things you did not do or did not say rather than things you did.

Yeah.

“And one of the things I think that is really, really tricky.”

One of the hardest reveals is sharing strong feelings, saying you love someone, saying you're into them. And so I did a study where I asked people, hey, when you said, when you were the first to say I love you, did the person reciprocate or did you get jilted? I didn't use the term jilted, but you know what I mean?

I said, was it reciprocated or not? And guess what percent of the time it was reciprocated? 85.

That is almost on the nose, it's about 80 percent.

And I wouldn't have guessed that because me, catastrophic thinker, you know, I'm thinking, oh my gosh, it's so threatening if you get rejected, right? Being rejected by a romantic interest is like one of the most primally difficult kinds of rejection we can get. And so my prior going into this study was like, you know, maybe you get reciprocated

40 percent of the time, I don't know, maybe this is reveal like something about my love life or misses, but that was so uswaging to me that 80 percent of the time when, you know, when you feel like it's the right thing to do. And so the other thing to keep in mind is when you do get rejected, yeah, that sucks. It's sting's in the sharon, but at least you know, it saves you from endlessly cycling

“and wondering and staying with the wrong person, right?”

So there's, again, even when it, when it stings, the long-term payoff seems actually

We're talking about oversharing and undersharing in the pros and cons of both.

And my guest is Leslie John. She's a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School and author of revealing the underrated power of oversharing. You're right. The check-out with the world-died best in converse.

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You're a bit of a waste of your time, you're just a bit of a waste of your time, and then you're a bit of a waste of your time.

Well, no, I don't want to say that.

You're a waste of your time. You're a waste of your time, right? Yeah, exactly. This is a waste of your time, which is just a waste of your time. A game of studio, a job or a job.

A waste of your time. I don't want to say that. You're a waste of your time. Save. So, Leslie, I'm wondering, I don't know if you could study this.

Maybe somebody has, but when you have one of those hangovers where you feel, oh my god, I said, way too much.

And often, you know, alcohol is involved.

When that happens. Truth.

“Do the other people that you told think you shared too much?”

That's a great question. Say more about what you're very coming from. Well, I just wonder, is it a false concern? You think you shared too much? Why did I say that?

But are other people going home going? Why did Bob say that? My sense is that people go home and worry about what they said. They don't really remember all that much about what you said anyway. Completely.

In fact, people are often happy that you shared to them, right? It's because if we come back to trust, they feel flattered that you opened up to them. So, while you're over there with a disclosure hangover, they're like, oh wow, that person was so brave. I'm so flattered that means they trust me. I can't wait to spend more time with them and learn more about them and share what's on my mind with them.

“Maybe they'll be able to help me with some of the things I'm struggling with, right?”

So, that's the core of friendship. And yet, it's sad that the day after we just kind of feel badly about ourselves when we often times it's often misplaced, as you say. Well, well, pretty much all of what you've talked about is when you share things about yourself. A lot of people over share things about other people that, and the conversation starts with, you know, I really shouldn't tell you this but. And maybe you really shouldn't, maybe you really shouldn't tell me that because you're saying something out of turn.

It's not your place. This isn't your thing to say. You've hit on something that is a common over share, right? There are certain categories that people often ask me like, what do we tend to over share and under share? Massively, we under share our feelings. But gossip, saying negative things about someone talking smack about people behind their back.

That is an over share. You're exactly right. And why, why is that over sharing? It's because it erodes trust, right? So the person that you can fight in, can fight is the wrong word. The person you catch to and gossip to that you say negative things about someone else to.

“That'll give you maybe a short term hit of pleasure, right?”

Like it's, it's kind of fun sometimes in juicy to do this. But the long game is not so good because the person you say the thing to, they're going to wonder if you do this enough. They're going to wonder, hmm, what do they say behind my back? What do they say about me? Exactly. And that fundamentally erodes trust, sending aside the fact that it's an unkind thing to do.

But you're exactly right. We'll talk about the difference between sharing information and sharing feelings. Because, you know, that you can share either one, but sharing your feelings. I don't know. A friend of mine was telling me about how they were in a PTA meeting.

They're part of the parent teacher association. And they have a pretty good group, you know, they're affable and they get along pretty well. But things weren't moving in this meeting and it was really frustrating. And they weren't making progress. And my friend said, you know, I thought of you and I thought of the feelings about sharing feelings.

I don't think she said it as firmly as I just said it now. She said it a little bit more graciously.

But she said she told me then once I shared my feelings, it was a total game changer.

People rallied behind it. People's other people said, oh, you know, I've been feeling frustrated. I'm so glad you said that. And then it actually ended up being constructive. So, you know, when we say open up a bit more, share your feelings, you know, it sounds kind of cheesy.

Like, ah, share your feelings. But like, this is a really tangible thing that you can do that has that is a can be a complete game changer in many social interactions.

Well, it seems to me when you stop and think about it.

People worry about their own oversharing. Like, I'm maybe I said too much. But that's not how other people, I guess it depends on what it is you said.

“But, but generally, I think we're more self-critical than other people are critical about our oversharing.”

Yeah. And in fact, that's like basic cognitive behavioral therapy, right? That the foundation of it, which is getting out of your head and realizing that people don't notice the things about you that you think they notice, right? Like, get out of your head.

It's not all about you. We're inherently kind of self-absorbed in a way that hurts ourselves, right? Because we think that people are constantly judging us and when in reality, oftentimes they don't notice. And when they do with sharing, they're often happy and flattered that we share. There is one area, though, I have to say, that so in this vein of like, we often get to have a good feel for it.

“When we're starting to date someone, when we're getting to know someone, this often comes really naturally to us, right?”

This kind of dance of reciprocity, this mutual, gradually escalating self-disclosure. Where our instincts can go awry is actually in long-term relationships, because one of the things that happens is long-term intimate close relationships. The longer we're with someone, of course, the more we know about them.

But the problem is that our confidence that we know everything about them, outpaces our actual knowledge of them.

So that's where the trouble begins, right? Because if we're more confident that we know what our partner is thinking and feeling, if we're confident that we know that when, like, more confident than we should be, then we stop asking, we stop sharing. And then we start to grow apart, right? And so you see, like, a lot of long-term relationships, it's often not some catastrophic event of cheating or something that makes them break up. It's rather, you wake up after 10 years and you realize, wait, I don't feel understood and know, no, no, I don't feel I know them.

And the root cause of that is undersharing.

“So in the last moments here, what is it you want people to take from this? What's the advice?”

I want people to ask themselves, what is the price I might be paying? What is the price I'm already paying for not opening up, for not saying the thing? Because silence is not neutral. Silence charges interest. The other thing that I wanted to say on the point about relationships growing apart is there is a personality trait. So one of your questions, you know, is there a, do people, are people chronic oversharing or undersharing?

There's a personality trait called mind reading expectations, which is, has it sounds? It is the tendency to believe that your partner should just know how you feel, but they should be able to intuit your thoughts. You shouldn't have to say your needs, they should just know, which when I say that out loud, it sounds as my grandmother would say nutty noodle, right? Of course, people can't read each other's minds, but the problem with this belief is that it's really insidious. And there's a scale, you know, psychologist, we love scales, where you can measure this in yourself.

And I did this myself, I measured my own, how high am I in mind reading expectations? And my, I'm very high in this trait, but it was liberating learning this about myself because as soon as I learned that my instinct is to like, expect implicitly that my husband can intuit what I need all the time, what's I knew that I have this tendency? What does it mean? It means that I need to tell him I need to share more, I need to tell him what I need to tell him how I feel. Well, when you listen to this discussion, it's kind of like it's taking a problem off the table that people, if they worry about oversharing, it's probably overblown.

I've been talking to Leslie John, she is a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School, and author of the book revealing the underrated power of oversharing.

“And there's a link to her book in the show notes.”

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But our complicated relationship with technology didn't start with computers or smartphones. It began centuries ago, with things as simple as kuku clocks, eyeglasses, player pianos, all kinds of things that introduced new ways of maneuvering through the world. The guest Vanessa Chang argues that the story of humans and machines is not new, it's ongoing. And the panic, the optimism, the utopian promises, and the apocalyptic fears we see today are nothing new. Vanessa is director of programs at Leonardo, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology.

And she is author of a book called The Body Digital, a brief history of humans and machines from kuku clocks to chat GPT.

“Hi, Vanessa, welcome to something you should know.”

Hi, thank you for having me. Sure. Well, I was just thinking the other day was talking to someone about, you know, there are people plenty of people still alive today who can remember a time before television. Let alone video and Netflix and all of that, but just basic television. Plenty of us remember a time before cell phones, let alone smartphones.

And now, so many of these technologies have become not only part of our lives, but integral. I mean, go walk down the street, everybody's got their face buried in a phone. And it's become part of who we are, and yet it wasn't that long ago, it wasn't possible to imagine. Yeah, you're absolutely right. You know, I was talking to colleague the other day when we were having technological issues, because even though there's a kind of magic to everything, you know, there's always frustrations. And I was just marveling at zoom and video chat at the future that's arrived and how how mundane it is, you know, you're right.

And it's really transformative in how we conduct ourselves and how we, you know, move through the world and how we talk to each other. But it's not just the current technology, you mean technology and the body go way back, right? I mean way back. Oh, yeah, absolutely. The most surprising history that I like to think about in setting some kind of historical precedent or moment for thinking about technologies. Really kind of the one of those prosake ones writing. It's something that so many of us do and that we're kind of trained to do.

“And I don't know about you. I was trained to do cursive in school. There's a lot that you need to do in your body to learn how to write.”

But I think it also has a lot of implications for how we think. You know, and writing has really been tremendous in extending our minds out into the world. It allows us to put our thoughts out on, you know, on print in ways that mean we can talk to people after we die.

And, you know, it helps us think through things in ways that aren't always possible.

If you can't kind of see your thoughts reflected outside of your body. So, you know, for me, I think that's a really important way of thinking through some of the emerging technologies now. Like AI that look like they're really transformative and they look like they're going to really change the way we think. That, you know, this is part of a long history that, you know, how we, how we think, how we write, how we express, how we use our hands, all of that.

But what I find interesting is that a lot of technology doesn't just respond to a need.

It creates a need or it further creates the need. You know, people got along just fine without cell phones, smartphones. You know, where they only phone was the one on your kitchen wall.

“You know, life went on, people seemed to get along, okay?”

But now everybody has a phone and that technology created like created its own demand. Like when, you know, when a caveman's, you know, drawing pictures on a cave wall with a stick.

Well, that makes writing kind of hard, but what you invent the pen and the paper and now writing's pretty easy.

And so it becomes more popular. Yeah, I mean, there's a whole, I think, feedback loop between, you know, that moment of using a stick and, you know, and simply just a person with a stick or some kind of tool, making some kind of mark on the world. And the whole kind of infrastructure that gets built around it. I mean, the fact that you have a pen in your room to be able to write on a piece of paper that's so much,

how comes together and kind of colludes to produce that moment. You know, it's that you go to school that your teacher puts that pen in your hand, makes you teaches you how to hold it disciplines you, so you're writing neatly in line. So other people can understand what you're writing.

“And of course, you need to know how to read.”

The term I often uses discipline, it sounds a bit strict, I suppose. It is a form of discipline, right? Like, you're trained, your body's trained, you know, it's trained by these systems and infrastructures so that you can participate in them. And because of that, you can have these really profound individual moments of expression too. So pick us an example of the body and technology, either in history or current, just to give people a sense of what you're talking about.

But to illustrate how powerful the all of this is and worth talking about.

Yeah, another interesting example is the example of the voice. Our voices are a really kind of primal object. They really communicate who we are and they're really kind of fundamentally connected to our breath and to our bodies. They're really expressive of life. And in speaking before technology, voices disappear. You know, when people die, I mean, your voice actually in speech disappeared in the moment, immediately after it was spoken.

So when you have something like sound recording technology in the late 19th century that emerges, this is a moment when the voice becomes transformed into an object. And it's separated from our bodies and the much in the way that writing could separate our thoughts from our bodies too. And when that happens, suddenly the voice becomes something that can live on, you know, after you die. This becomes, when the sound becomes an object suddenly, we can play with it in lots of different ways and it, you know, that status that it has as, you know, a marker of human identity.

So that's become really troubled. You don't see that, you know, think about that so much at the moment, sound recording gets invented, but you see it. See it now and you see it when it, you think about things like music recording and copyright. And you know, the way people are struggling to contain something like vocal deepfakes where voices can be reproduced in ways that are completely untethered from who we are. Well, that's, you know, I hadn't thought of that, but that's really remarkable when you think about it because somebody's voice has always been like a finger print like you know their voice and they know your voice.

And so you know you're talking to that person, but technology has made it such that you don't know that anymore. Yeah, absolutely. You don't know that, you know, hip hop artists in the 1970s started to kind of play with vocal samples and started to really interest things about it. And it, it did, you know, stir a lot of these anxieties about identity and not knowing where we are, but also kind of really interesting and cool music.

“And then when it comes to vocal deepfakes, you know, there's some people are using it to restore voices when they've lost them, right?”

Val Kilmer, for example, lost his voice to, I think it was throat cancer. And he worked with an AI company to create a vocal clone that was trained on because, you know, he's got, he's got a huge archive as an actor, lots of material and voice data to work with. So he could kind of create a vocal clone for himself and it wasn't like connected to his body in the same way, but it sounded like him.

What are you troubled by, just the fact that it could be fake?

Well, it could be fake. I know that the sophistication of scammers is getting to the point with AI that it's really hard to distinguish, you know, when someone is calling you and you know, it used to just be, they needed to be trickster enough to fool you. Now they could sound like someone you know, right?

“Or they could replicate your voice for kind of vocal ideas. There's that too. And then there's also kind of questions when it comes to ownership and identity.”

You get people who, particularly vocal actors who may not have known that their voices were being used for a particular purpose. I read this fascinating story about the voice of Siri, actually. She was a voice actress and we just called into a studio years ago and asked to record, you know, a whole suite of different phrases and sounds.

She never knew what she was doing. And then some time later, Siri came out and a family friend called her and was like, "Is this you?"

So suddenly her voice is out in the world and it's recognizable enough that her family members could ask, you know, is this you? It sounds like you. But she didn't have control over it anymore. It's millions, you know, she or her voice is in dialogue and in service to millions and millions of people around the world.

“What about the phone? I mean, it has become so ubiquitous. It has just kind of taken over everybody's life. How did that happen?”

I mean, what is it about that device that makes it so I can't do without it?

You know, there's the way it fits physically into our lives. You know, I often think about one of the preemptive technologies of the phone, the palm pilot. The palm pilot was an early kind of personal organizer in the late '90s. My mother is a major early adopter and she had a palm pilot. And the designer of the palm pilot, in trying to kind of figure out how best kind of fit in people's lives actually walked around with this piece of wood that was shaped the same kind of size and weight as the object and carried around for a long time, you know, to see if it would fit into his life.

And then there's other kind of early technologies like the Walkman and the MP3 player that start to bring moments of convenience and kind of like personal control over music into our lives that I think all of all of which come together to prime our bodies, whether it's our ears or hands for physically kind of carrying these convenient objects around. And then the other thing I think is really about corporate design. You know, when it comes to phones, we use them to connect in ways that are convenient, but that allows to consume things. You know, maybe it's your your calendar, but maybe it's maybe it's Amazon, maybe your maybe it's music.

“And it's a lot that allows you access, it kind of give you freedom, freedom to do and it's physically designed in a way that it can just kind of sit so neatly into your hand.”

And then it comes to that there's this dialogue between a phone and your own kind of embodiment that that really starts to cement that relationship, you know, there's there was a study some years ago that tried to trace how many times someone touched their phone in the day. The estimate was 2,600 times a day just for the average user and power I know that's and power users over 5,000 just just try to wrap your hand around that. So that there's this kind of. What do you mean by touch your phone like if you dial a number that seven touches? I'm not sure the answer to that, but I would consider.

I personally like an awfully large number. But think about like, I don't know if you wear a watch, I no longer wear a watch. So I pick up the phone to check the time. I pick up the phone to send messages to listen to music to send an email to check on, you know, maybe buy something. I see people kind of nervously touching their phones. It used to be. I'm all the time kind of just as cigarettes kind of transition out of public spaces so much, but it used to be when people were waiting.

They were kind of fiddling with something like a cigarette, right? Now they just fiddle with their phones.

Let me pull my phone out. Not let me talk to somebody or read a book or but it's always pull my phone out.

Absolutely. I think it's increasingly difficult to just be present and be okay with sitting in your body. And I think there are larger reasons for that around like expectations of kind of productivity and the world that we live in and kind of the aesthetics of distraction.

“You don't have to kind of sit in the nervousness, I guess, of life because I don't know about you. I actually think life isn't always comfortable, right?”

There's a discomfort to a lot of life.

And particularly if you're moving through the world or waiting for someone or trying to kind of be on a train, it's not that pleasant say sitting on a train in rush hour.

But if you can be distracted by it or do something else, not have to, I don't know, make eye contact with someone else, then it just lubricates that a little bit, makes that kind of life a bit less frictionful.

“Well, what you said a moment ago, I hadn't really thought about that, but the power and the popularity of the phone didn't just happen.”

There was, makes you wonder, like, how well adopted would the phone have been if it just showed up and hadn't been preceded by the pump pilot, the walkman, the iPod,

that this kind of warmed us up to this all-in-one device that we'd already been used to carrying something around and now this is everything.

This is the story that I really want to surface and thinking about contemporary tall technologies and the kind of technological history that preceded them. All of the behaviors that we have and the interactions we have are absolutely primed by technologies in the past.

“You know, I think about something like Spotify and the algorithmic curator.”

I have really mixed feelings about the Spotify curator and the kind of songs that are selected for me, because sometimes it is exactly what I want and it's like, hey, this algorithm that knows me, it's giving me more of what I want. And I think that to other kind of practices that prefigure something like that, you know, things like the mixed tape where, you know, people who you did know you and who did love you would put together a mix of music to, you know, as a gift perhaps. And that was a form of kind of like technologically mediated social form that's now kind of been displaced by a computational curator that kind of knows you not in the same way, but it does know you because it's, you know, got access to your data in a way that is is really kind of unprecedented historically.

But your habits of consumption around listening and listening, you know, to, to a playlist, you know, mixed tape, for example, prepared people for that and kind of prime the technology for that. And that in turn was kind of primed by something like the Walkman, which before that was primed by music boxes and other forms of musical automation, where it used to be when we were listening to music. We had to be in the same room as someone, maybe they were singing, maybe they were playing the drums. But all of these, this kind of history, you know, starts us at these quite primeval moments where we're kind of gathered together as bodies, maybe we're listening to each other, talking to each other, speaking, you know, speaking, writing all of these things.

And technology kind of allows to divorce those functions from our bodies and eventually kind of lay the scaffolding for all of these tools today. What's, as we wrap up here, what, what is an example or two of a technology that just from your perspective has a very interesting story that people might not know or might not have considered. One story I love about the Walkman. So I got my first Walkman in the late '80s, but it was kind of prototyped in the late '70s by Sony, and it descended from actually a tape player apparently a version kind of went up into space on the Apollo missions.

But when they were prototyping the Walkman, the Sony boss, Akio Morita took a prototype home to his wife.

And that it kind of fostered to her, this privacy divorced from this kind of social interaction that she wanted.

“So he added two elements to the Walkman, right? That would try to mitigate that sense of privacy. And this came up as everything to do with what we've been talking about.”

So those two pieces were kind of like an intercom button. So if you were listening to Walkman, someone maybe it's your mom would come and press the button and that would turn on a mic on the outside of the Walkman and lower the music so that your mom could speak to you, say hey, listen to me it's time for dinner and could kind of cut through that private social world. And the other feature was the dual headphone jack, so that you could listen to people could listen together.

“You know, fast forward, those quickly fell away, that people were not interested in that.”

So that kind of movement towards privacy ultimately won with the Walkman and kind of gets us to that, you know, private world.

We're all just scrolling through our phones and not reaching out to other people. Well, this is great because, you know, we use technology all the time and yet we so seldom stop and think about the story behind how humans and technology came to be and how we got so reliant on it. And this was fun to do. I've been talking with Vanessa Chang and the name of her book is the body digital, a brief history of humans and machines from kuku clocks to chat GPT. There's a link to her book in the show notes. Vanessa, thank you so much.

Great. Thank you so much. Great to talk to you.

You know, that brand new shirt you just bought, well, you may not be the first person to wear it.

Before it reached you, it may have been tried on by multiple shoppers, not to mention handled by factory workers, warehouse staff and store employees. Microbiologists say that retail clothing can carry bacteria, fungi and other microbes from all that human contact, but those germs aren't even your biggest concern. New clothes are often treated with dyes and formaldehyde finishes and other chemicals to keep them wrinkle free and looking crisp. Dermatologists say those residues are a common cause of skin irritation, especially for sensitive skin.

The risk of serious illness is low, but new doesn't necessarily mean clean.

“So before you wear it, wash it, and that is something you should know.”

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