Selects: Plant Migration

Guaranteed human.

Valveline, instant oil change presents wisdom from the road.

Summer means wide open spaces in a whole lot of extra miles. Last place you want your engine to give out is halfway to nowhere. Out here, low oil or a weak battery is just an ambush way to happen.

“That's why every oil change at Valveline is the noil change of glutes at 18 point maintenance check.”

These text are trained to help spot issues early and give you a run easy. Valveline, instant oil change changed wisely. Hey, Portlandia fans. Carry Brownstein and Fred Armis in here. The dream of the 90s is alive in podcast form.

We're launching "Podlandia" AO rewatch. Our brand new podcast where we revisit every episode of Portlandia together. Breaking down sketches, going deep on our iconic characters and pulling back the curtain on how it all got made. And we'll also be joined by the people who helped to bring it all to life.

Best stars, collaborators and friends, including director Jonathan Christle, the mayor himself, Kyle McLaughlin, legendary musician, Amy Man, and many more. Kyle is going right here. You fully improvise not just words, but a song about it.

I thought you were all going to write a song about it.

I remember you thinking about it. Listen to Podlandia, AO rewatch on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcast or wherever you get your podcasts. What's up fam? I'm Sports Journalist, Ari Chambers. Hey guys, it's me Josh and for the show, we're going to be on the show.

We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show.

We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show.

We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show.

We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show. We're going to be on the show.

“Hey guys, it's me Josh and for this week's select.”

I've chosen our August 2023 episode on Plant Migration. This one makes me a bringing boy. What with its earth science and something that goes on under our noses without us really realizing that it's happening. And we figure out that there's a lot to learn about plants on the move,

which makes it even sweeter. I hope you love this one as much as I do. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know. A production of I Heart Radio. Hey and welcome to the podcast.

I'm Josh and there's Chuck and Jerry's here too. And this is Stuff You Should Know. We're all melting edition. Just a migrating fern. Oh, that's a good one to be.

Blowing through the forest looking for a new home. Sure. I'm a spore. What happens when you get their spore? Well, probably grow into a beautiful new fern because ferns are pretty party.

That's awesome.

“And I'll bet you'll contribute to society and all sorts of beneficial ways”

that ferns that were already there couldn't necessarily do. Yeah, I hope so. There's fern stuff in here and I have a wonderful fern scene at my camp. On the other side of the feeder creek that goes into the main creek. I call it.

I even have a sign. This is fern forest. And it's a forest of ferns is quite lovely. God knows where they're from because this things can travel quite a bit as we'll see. Yeah, they could be from from from from Alabama.

Easily. I'm not kidding easily, man. I've got a stat that's going to blow your mind in a second. Oh, boy. Actually, I'll just bust it out now.

You're ready. Yeah. How far can a fern travel? A fern can travel the Tasmanian tree for an in particular. Consented spores 500 to 800 kilometers.

It's 300 to 500 miles from the mother plant. And get this. A single frond, a frond. Hmm.

Produces more than 750 million of those spores.

Wow. So you can understand that ferns. I mean, you find ferns everywhere. They're really hardy. They can actually survive cold.

Colder temperatures than you would think. They also thrive in the tropics. They're like a really great pioneer plant. They usually are among the first large plants that show up in like a newly cleared part of earth. Right?

This one makes instant. Okay. So what we're talking about then is that those ferns that showed up in this new place and said, hey, let's get this biosphere going again. Let's get this biome back into shape after this wildfire or something like that.

Or there's like a stampede because there's a really great ice cream truck that drove through. One of those two. Those ferns have migrated. They came from Tasmania. Apparently all the way to wherever the ice cream truck was.

Right now they're there.

Cecil organisms.

“They don't move from place to place individually as organisms.”

But as a species, they can actually move around like inch worms pretty pretty good.

Yeah. It's pretty cool. I didn't really know much about this. And we're talking about plant migration. And the idea, well, not idea, the very real fact that just like humans and animals will go to

more hospitable climbs as the climate may change or just, I don't know, just to seek a better place to be. Plants and trees and things on mass do the same thing. Yeah. And there's all sorts of ways that they do that too. So they do it by dispersing their seeds or their spores in that case.

Fern spores or single-cell organisms are not not like a seed technically. But they do the same thing, right? They show up in a place and set up shop and they start rocking out. Yeah. That's right.

And Fern's, you know, depends and we'll get all into this stuff.

But how fast this happens depends on different factors. How far these plants can migrate depends on different factors. Why this is happening is generally climate change. Yeah. And plants are in trees and things are generally moving north or up in elevation if they hit mountains.

Or south in the southern hemisphere. Exactly. So this is sort of the general pattern. And we mentioned Fern's because, like you said, those spores can really haul Fern's also mature very quickly.

“And, you know, the wind can just, that's why I got a Fern forest at my camp, probably.”

Yeah. So they check both of the boxes that you need to be a fast migrating plant species. They produce seeds or spores at a very young age. And their seed or spore can travel very far distances, right? Right. So they can move around and also it doesn't hurt that, like I said, Fern's are adaptable.

The trees and other plants do move quite so fast. But they move, especially if you look at the fossil record, a lot faster than they actually should. So if you pay attention to a single organism, say an oak, those acorns don't travel terribly far. They may get a little further away from the drip line if a squirrel happens to bury it somewhere in a new oak tree grows. Sure.

I think it was Anders Sandberg who described acorns as solar powered factories for producing more oak trees. Whoa. Andy Sandberg said that? No. Anders Sandberg. Oh, okay. He's a philosopher at Oxford. Ah, that makes a lot more sense.

Yeah. Andy Sandberg, his lime accidentally in his crown, a bottle. That's what he's got. You knew he's married to? Patricia Arquette. No.

Suzanne Arquette. You've been guessing Patricia Arquette for a lot of things lately, actually. Have I? He's married to, yeah, I feel like that's come up before recently. Maybe I don't know. Her name just rolls off the tongue. I know. A big fan of hers. He is married to what's her name, Joanna Newsom, the singer, and Harvest.

Oh, neat.

“If you're into architecture and homes, you should seek out, I don't know if it's architectural digester or something.”

But someone did a spread on their home, and it is really something else. Okay. So that's Andy Sandberg hour. Yeah. That would just check off. A quick detour.

Wait, wait, I wasn't done. Oh, no, good, good. So if you look in an individual tree in Oak tree, those acorns don't go particularly far away from the tree. As the old saying goes, but the fact that they do fall away from the tree moons that very slowly, some of those seedlings are going to grow up a little more northward or a little more southward than its mother plant.

And very, very slowly, the whole group of Oaks can move southward or northward, right? Over hundreds and thousands and tens of thousands of years. So long, the thing is if you look at the fossil record, they move way faster than that than they should. Right. And there's actually a paradox that was named by a guy named Clement Reed, right?

Mm-hmm. Respaired eggs. Yeah, he's got a great title for it. Of rapid plant migration, that's the full title. It sounds almost like snake oil from the 19th century.

Yeah, kind of. So what is it?

Oh, I would be glad to never set me up.

We're still tied after all these years. So what he found from the fossil record, like you were talking about. And as we'll see, that's one pretty good way to study this stuff. Especially pollen fossils, right? Mm-hmm.

Yeah, because they're so hardy. Yeah, so he saw that trees were migrating a lot faster than the rate that you would think.

After the last glacial period over span of like 10,000 years or so. They traveled about 600 miles.

And it would normally take about a million years.

If the seeds were just dispersed in a typical way. All right. But what he figured was that what may be happening here is like some weird weather event happens. Mm-hmm. That sent things much farther than usual.

Or like some deer or something eats something. And then poops out something really far away from where it started. And so all of a sudden this animal has spread it via their poopo. Right. And this, this is how, like, large scale migration happens.

“Or I should say rapid migration over long distances, right?”

Yeah. It's the unusual, not just the acorn falling and hitting the ground.

It's not just gravity assisted.

It's animal assisted, which is called zucory. Or it's wind assisted, which is called the nema cori. Or water assisted, which is called hydracore. And that's just the way that some plants disperse their seeds that's kind of on top of the normal way they disperse. Which is just dropping it from their leaves or the spores blowing on the wind.

Which I guess is one type of cori. Yeah. So like if a squirrel loaded up its mouth full of things. And somehow found its way into your camper as you set off for Arizona. That would be a freak event, sure.

And it probably wouldn't be on mass. But, you know, that's a way a tree could move. All it takes is that one oak to make it, sure. So to just survive and then it starts its own new part of the range. Yeah.

Absolutely.

“But it should point out, when was, when was Reed doing this?”

This is a while ago like a hundred plus years ago, right? Yeah, he was a geologist, I don't know if we said. But his Reed's paradox of rapid plant migration came out in 1899 and it was a smash hit. Yeah. So people, I mean, for at least that long, science has been sort of curious about this,

this migration happening rate that they would not expect. Right. The thing is that's really hard when you throw in that X factor to calculate how fast and actual species can migrate. And there's a few ways that you can study that kind of thing. One, as you said, is studying the fossil record, which is super helpful.

Mm-hmm. But it's not showing you what's going on contemporaneously here within the last couple decades.

This is 10,000, a million years ago, something like that, right?

Yeah. So if you wanted to study something a little closer to home, a timeline wise, you would maybe set up what's called a permanent vegetation plot. Mm-hmm. So you would mark off an area and you would go back there, you know, every so often, like every six months or every year or so, and just sort of chart what's happening.

That's one really good way.

“I think they've been doing this for about a hundred years since the 1920s.”

So we've got a pretty good data set there. Something else you could do is go somewhere. Like, let's say you dug up some cool scientific journal from a scientist from, you know, 200 years ago that went and explored some island. And while they may not have like charted everything out exactly like you would in today's science, they may have a really nice diary about all the plant life there and things that they saw there and where it might be.

And you could go back to that place and it's not quite as tight of a record, but you could still get a pretty good idea of what's happening. Yeah, depending on who's journal you're working from. And back in 2012, a Danish team of scientists followed the record left by 19th century, geologist named Alexander van Humboldt from Germany,

who was just an interesting dude in and of himself. Yeah. He called coffee concentrated some beams. So he's your kind of guy. Oh, man. That's great. They went back to Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador,

which Humboldt studied in detail and not only did he study the vegetation there, and he classified all sorts of new plants that Europeans didn't know about at that point. He also noted exactly where they were on the mountain, as far as the elevation went. Super helpful. Super helpful.

So based on this information, the 2012 Daines were able to go back and recreate his trip, and then they were able to note what plants were where. And they found that everything, all species on average, had moved up the mountain by about an average of about 500 meters, which is significant.

It's like almost a mile. It's like eight tenths of a mile. Yeah, yeah, that's the average. Yeah. There was a lot of variation within that, but that's a long way.

For sure. And what we found out, and I guess this comes up a little later,

going up 500 meters, then they might by going,

let's just say, north like 92 a hundred miles. Yes. So like a much quicker road to better climbs, if you just go up that mountain. For sure.

Yeah, that's kind of two ways they move is. Longitudinally? Yeah. Or altitudeinally? You got to be in shape, though.

Oh, for sure. If you're going to climb that mountain. Should we take a break?

“I think we should, but just to wrap it up real quick,”

there's a bunch of ways you can study the movement of trees, but it's so slow, and it happens over such long timelines, longer than a human timeline, that it's harder to do than you'd think. But we still have figured out some ways to do it. All right, we'll be right back,

and we'll talk about all this stuff, and more detail right for this. [Music] [Music] If your service lasts on, trust the checks with the train. That's us.

270 hours with zero complaining. They train under the hood. They train down in the pit. 270 hours means they're training's legit. It's the smart choice for smart folk and care for their steed.

[Music] What's up fam? I'm sports journalist Ari Chambers. Hey, what's up, y'all. It's your girl Sam J.

And we're the host of everyone watches women sports. A new podcast from Together and I Heart Women Sports. Because let's be real. Women sports is giving us way too much to talk about these days.

So Kelsey Finler, she became the first female solo roer

to go from California to Hawaii.

“My first thought is like, what's up with the snacks?”

Like, what do we eat? The highlights, the rivalries, the breakout stars, the moments that take over your entire timeline. In the conversations that start during the game and somehow keep going all week, every week, we're breaking down the biggest stories across women sports.

Namely Osaka showing out she beat. Savalinka. You get the palm Naomi. You get the palm for that. Because we're not just interested in what happened.

We're interested in why everyone's talking about it. Because everyone watches women sports. Listen to everyone watches women sports. On the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcast. Or wherever you get your podcast.

Hey, Portlandia fans. Carry Brown scene in front of our mission here. You know what, so rather, you know them. Tony and Candace, Nina and Lance, Spike and yes, the chicken. We've played a lot of iconic characters over the years,

but today we're showing up other cells to tell you about podlandia, AO rewatch, our brand new podcast. Each week we'll revisit an episode of Portlandia from the very beginning. Breaking down the sketches, exploring the back stories of almost iconic characters, revisiting the Portland locations you know and love,

and opening up about our creative process. How did any of this get made? Why do we think that was a good idea? We're ready to talk about it. And we'll also be joined by the people who helped to bring it all to life.

guest stars, collaborators and friends, including director Jonathan Christle, the mayor himself, Kyle McLaughlin, legendary musician, any man, and many more. Kyle is going for it here. You fully improvised, not just words, but a song about it. I thought he was going to write.

I thought you were all going to write a song. I remember you thinking that. Listen to podlandia. AO rewatch on the iHeart Radio app, apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. One of the way we failed to mention probably would have been better to just say that before the break.

But again, still learning after 16 years. Satellite images is another way that you can study on the short term. You know, the fossil pollen is much longer than those plant plots and things like that. Vegetation plots are our shorter term, but satellite images can also help.

“If you want to catch like a Venus flytrap and the act of leapfrogging over some other planet, satellite image is going to help you with that.”

fossil record won't show you that.

Here's the thing with all this though.

It's not like we're going to talk a lot about climate change because that's what's spurring a lot of the movement right now. But the Earth's climate has changed a lot over the, you know, over the years. And this is not some new thing. There used to be periods of time where the Sahara desert was quite green. And there was grass is growing there and tropical plants growing there.

And elephants roaming the Sahara and wildlife living there. And they've learned that this is actually one of the things that helped move, you know, humans around.

Green Sahara periods. Yeah, that's so fascinating that, you know, who knows when we would have migrated out of Africa into Europe and the ages.

Had the green Sahara not happened and that's just nuts. Yeah, like hundreds of miles it says here that they would find tropical plants growing where they shouldn't be growing. Alongside, you know, that the desert stuff that survived so that was this weird sort of mixed up biome for a time. Yeah, and the green Sahara period, there were a few of them that had been documented, but they figured out that they happened about every 23,000 years. Right.

We're due for one and about 12,000 years, something like that. And it's based on the tilt in Earth's axis. That's neither here nor there, but the point is, during these periods where the Sahara was just a humid kind of tropical forest, there was a mixture kind of what you touched upon of different, like you said, a hybrid biome of stuff that wouldn't necessarily live together under normal circumstances, but got along just famously in the couple thousand years that the Sahara was green and those plants were growing together.

Yeah, it's just amazing to think about.

And then in North America, we have another example too. After the Laurentide Glacier, which is way up in the Arctic right now, used to be down in Indiana and Northern New Jersey. Yeah. And when it retreated, it took everything with it. It took bolers, it carved out lakes, it did all sorts of neat stuff, but what it didn't leave behind was vegetation.

So it left. It was like a giant ice cream truck, basically. Yeah. It left nothing behind, and it was just a great place for plants to pioneer and colonize.

“Yeah, I mean, that's why you have pine trees in New Jersey, right?”

I would think so.

Yeah, or in the south, because they were too far.

They were trapped below, or yeah, below, the Laurentide Glacier down in the southeast, even though they normally would have been growing in the north, right? And as the Glacier retreated, the climate changed in the area, and so the trees has moved on up. So that's an example of migration as well. Yeah, oh wait, I thought they were, it was more hospitable in the south for these trees. And that migration sent them north.

Yeah, that's what I said, right? Oh, okay. I'm maybe other people. Yeah. The other thing we should talk about as far as climate change goes, because, like I said, we're going to mention that a lot is the rate of change of the climate is increasing as most people agree on.

And that is kind of where we are now and discussing this is like, is the rate of climate increasing too fast for the migration to catch up, or in some cases are the plants migrating ahead of that pace. And that's really sort of, you know, a lot of this episode is about this rate of change, and the 200 years since the beginning of the industrial age, no coincidence. The temperature of the earth has increased more than one degree. And again, yeah, we, we all know now that, you know, one degree is like a huge, huge deal.

It's one point of degrees Fahrenheit. Yeah, exactly. But point three seven of that change over the past 200 years has come since 2011. Yes, too. So it's, people have, you know, someone has stepped on the gas here, and it's happening much much faster.

And it seemingly, in many cases, fasting faster than these plants can catch up. Yeah, so plants are used to migrating like they've been migrating through our earth's history, but these conditions are different. It's not like it was before even when the earth was heating up after the last ice age.

“I think did you say that it took about an average of 1,400 years to increase by 1 degree after the last glacial period?”

No, no, that was the set up that would have been very helpful actually. I mean, think about it. So we've achieved 1 degree in 200 years. And after the last glacial period ended, the earth, he did 1 degree every 1,400 years. Yeah, that's called a rapid increase. Yeah, like you said, somebody's put their foot on the gas, and that's somebody's western industrialized nations, right?

Yeah. So that's, that's one thing that's really kind of putting the, the heat on plants. What we've seen earlier is their southern most ranges or their northern most ranges depending on what, what, I guess they're equatorial pointing ranges. The words hotter. Yeah.

Those are the ones that are really at stake.

“So are those plants ranges big enough that they'll be able to survive that change in climate and just keep moving northward?”

Or are they going to be outpaced by the movement of the climate? Because the climate is racing toward the polls just like the plants are, right? Yeah. So who's faster? Well, it turns out, if you talk about New England's trees, they move something I think red oaks is what it was that this university of Vermont group was studying.

Yeah. The climate is moving something like four to six miles a year. So the climate is really kind of showing up as kind of the, you say in bolt of, right, of this race. And I don't know that the plants are like me racing you same bolt. Yeah.

That lab group in Vermont. They all have t-shirts that just say you do the math. Exactly. It's very smart me, but they get their point across for sure.

Um, there's another example of, you know, we kind of been talking about northern movement, which is generally the pattern, but not always.

“There's a researcher at Purdue named Songland Fay, I think Fay or Fay?”

I don't know. F-E-I, I bet it's Fay. Um, who studied 86 species of trees in the eastern US over about 30 years from the mid 80s to 2015. And it depends on what the tree is. Hardwoods, the Scarlet Oaks, red maples. Magnolia's are moving west at about one and a half kilometers a year.

Because the Midwest is becoming more wet, and the conditions are good for those trees to grow. Softwoods, shortly pines, red pines, bald cipers. They're actually moving north about a kilometer of the year, a kilometer of a year. Different plants and trees are moving in different directions at different rates. Yeah, it's very much akin to a neighborhood that's, um, this old settled in neighborhood with a bunch of mix of people that's being gentrified.

It's being pushed out and separated. Not everybody just, the whole neighborhood doesn't just move.

This neighborhood breaks up and goes in different directions.

Yeah, and so to ecologists and arborists like this is very concerning because for a long time we've looked at groups of plants as communities. Like some some plants go with other plants. Like I think, um, was it beach and, uh, Hickory? What is it?

I don't know. I like Hickory though. We can't, we can't leave that then there. Oh yeah, hemlocks. I knew it was an HH tree. Yeah. Beach and hemlocks go together like peanut butter and chocolate.

Um, so too do like furs and spruces, right? So when you find one of these, you usually find the other one and there's also a bunch of other plants that kind of interact. And usually, some types of animals that hang out in those same types of forest. So if you've got the hemlocks going north and the beach going west,

“then who are the hemlocks going to mix with and who are the beach going to mix with when they start to set up these new communities?”

And that was really troubling to ecologists.

But I think pal and all of just these fossil pollen scientists have said it's always been this way.

Communities aren't permanent. They're kind of in stable. They just seem permanent to us because our life years, uh, uh, there are lifespans on the, the order of like 78 years, right? This is much, it's a much slower process, but it's a constantly changing turnover. Um, so it's not that big of a deal.

But again, because of the pace of climate change, when these hemlocks get further north and the beach get further west, they're going to have far less time to develop new connections and networks with the new plants that they set up communities with. Yeah, and the other thing too, you know, earlier when I mentioned that, uh, a series of trees might move up a mountainside,

because it's a way quicker way to get to a more hospitable climate than moving that 90 miles north. Yeah. Uh, when they, and this happens in, in other cases as well, it's not just like up a mountainside,

“but when they get to the place where they're going,”

it may be a better place, uh, maybe more hospitable climate wise, but other things aren't so great. So if you move up that mountainside, let's say, you have a shallower soil, and so those trees move up there because the climate's better, but then they get there, and the soil is in this great.

So they get squeezed into where they can grow, maybe into like a tiny little narrow band that's, you know, potentially choking off the rest of the forest. Yeah. I figured out it's kind of like hiding in a closet during a house fire.

Like you're going to be safe in the short term, but in the long term, it's not a great strategy, but it's not like the trees have any choice. They can't go back down. It's too hot there. They can't move further up.

There's the soils in hospitable. So they're trapped, and they're eventually going to become a thinner and thinner band, until they just pop out of existence. That's right. And the other thing that can happen to, when, like you said,

when they get to a new place, and they don't have enough time to make new friends, um, all of a sudden that can open the window for bad friends to show up. Yeah. And all of a sudden invasive species are there.

And then you've got a whole other set of problems. Yeah. The ones that were like leather jackets with the little silver studs on their shoulders.

Those are the ones you've got to watch out for those plants.

“Uh, is this all seems very kind of, um, on too long of a timeline for you to care?”

Um, first of all, you probably don't care much about climate change,

because that's the whole name of the game there. Um, but maple syrup is a good example that Livie found. Livie helped us out. She did a great job with this. Um, the maple tree, uh, which species is it?

The sugar maple is one of the two main species that we use to get that delicious maple syrup. I'm sorry. This is an aside. Sugar maple are two beautiful words that form an even more beautiful. You are right on the money, my friend.

You know sugar maple. Mm-hmm. It just sounds nice coming out of my mouth. Yeah.

Uh, they have been migrating, uh, north into Canada.

And you might say, well, that's great. Canada is a fine place to live.

“And I'm sure they love their maple syrup there too.”

Mm-hmm. But, uh, in Quebec, the researchers have found that they're not going to go beyond their current range up there, because they're boreal forest up there. So the soil, again, they, the climate might be better, but then they get up there in the soil pH.

And the microcontinent in the soil is not what they're used to, and not what they work well with and grow well with. So they're not doing well up there in the forest. No, no. And that's, it's the exact same position as the trees that are trying to go up the mountain are running into.

Eventually, these trees that are moving into the boreal forest areas,

they're, like, they can't go any further.

Like, they're not adapted to that. Over a long enough timeline. Yeah, maybe. Those sugar maples could, like, a few of them could land in the boreal forest and end up surviving in that kind of soil.

And then they would be adapted for it. And they'd start reproducing. And then it's the boreal forest move closer to the poles. Or the Arctic. The, those trees would move where the boreal forest used to be, right?

Totally not a problem. Over a long enough time spent. Again, climate change has so drastically shortened that time span. That there's probably not going to be time for this. And those sugar maples will just run into that boreal soil

and just, they will, it'll be, like, hitting a brick wall for their species. Yeah. Another issue that can happen, and I know this all just seems like doomsday stuff. Kind of it. It can't be this though.

Let's say, like, the Amazon episode that we've talked about when trees are moving out there, they might be replaced by something, and it may not be in invasive species, but it may just be weeds or grasses or something. Those aren't as good at capturing carbon as those trees were, so then that accelerates the problem even more.

Right.

“And then there's another, if you want to keep talking about these states and areas.”

Those boreal forests, they actually are, if you look at a map, or if you look at planet Earth from outer space, they're dark, which means that they absorb more sunlight, more heat, more UV radiation, and then the polar caps, the ice that reflects it back into space. So as those boreal forests advance further and further north toward the Arctic,

or the north pole, and there's less and less ice to reflect that there's more and more heat for them to trap, which is just going to heat the Earth up that much faster. It's a positive feedback loop that's super duper negative. Yeah, very negative. Maybe we should cover tropical things moving north and then take a break?

Yeah, because I've got some good stuff on that, man, I'm super excited. Yeah, I mean, it goes both ways. So you can have tropical plants and tropical zones like Florida, where the Earth is warming, so they can move further and further north and all of a sudden, these plants that are native to tropical zones are ending up in areas where it's,

you know, not necessarily a tropical zone. I can't remember which zone it landed. This land is seven B and A day. Seven, I love that you know that stuff. But the point is like these, these like kill, kill frosts that you might get that happen to,

I love that name, kill frosts. Like it'll get really cold and frost over and like kill things maybe that shouldn't be there. If that's happening less and less and there's even less in the way of those tropical plants, moving northward, right? And so the, I guess climatologists are expecting that by the end of the century,

which seems like a long way away, but buddy, that's like less than, that's like eight decades, seventy something years. Maybe even seventy seven, you could say to be exact. But in seventy seven years, climatologists expect all of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California,

I'm guessing the southern half to be tropical. Those are sub-tropical now. If you want an example of what a tropical country is, go to Ecuador, go to Guatemala.

Yeah. That's insane.

I know, it's really, and it's happening.

It's not like, like they've shown that it's currently happening. Yes. And it's happening because, like, you were saying those extreme cold events are becoming rare and they're becoming warmer. So the coldest day of the year is not as cold as it used to be in other words.

“I think the scientific term is kill frost.”

I don't love that. That is definitely a band name. Oh, for sure. What are they though? Kill?

I don't know. I don't know. They can sell something. I don't know. Remember destroyer?

They were great. They didn't really destroyer.

Probably kind of like a belying name, you know what I mean?

No, that's true. So it could be like that. I think he named the band that for that reason is a bit of a tongue-in-cheek thing. Maybe. I knew it like that, Kay.

Yeah. Bayhart has who we're talking about. Not joy. Tony. Tony Bayhart.

Tony Bayhart. No, it's a damn, I think, right? I don't know. I just know a couple of destroyer songs. I don't know.

No, the guy's life story. Do I? Well. [laughs] Settle down.

No, I wanted to look it up because he's also a part-time member of maybe my favorite all-time band, the new Predographers, like modern band. Oh, yeah. Yeah, he's on most of their albums, but hasn't done the past few. Who was the singer for new Predographers?

Was it Nico Case? Well, she sings in Carl Newman, sings.

“And also, the great Catherine Calder, who is this stuff you should know, listener?”

Oh, neat. Oh, wow. Yeah, I found that out. And I was like, oh, I got to get in touch with her. And I did.

And now we are email buddies. And on the last new Predographers show in Atlanta, she's kind enough to meet me behind the bus as they say. In the back parking lot, we chatted for a while, and she's just wonderful. And she also, again, a plug her other band, because she has put out a great album last year with her band-front person, so get front person.

If you like, synthy goodness, and, like, a beautiful angelic voice, then get front person. Speaking of synthy goodness, it's so funny. Bring that up. Just today, I discovered an entirely new genre of music called Dungeon synth. Have you heard of it?

What? No. Okay. Okay. It's a really well-named genre, but it is synth.

It's super, like, synthy synth, like, 80's kind of synth. I love it. But the kind of synth that you would find is like the score to a 70's Hobbit, like Cartoon movie animated movie. Ooh. It's super wizardy and fantasy.

It just evokes all that stuff, and does such a good job of it. But I've only heard one out of my camera member who's it was, but check out-- Still frost. Alright, Dungeon synth and the front person, Alba, they're most recent parade is-- Great.

Very nice. I think it's full stop. Time for a break. Yeah. Let's take a break.

We'll be back with more Alba and reviews right after this. Vowl the lane. Instant oil change presents wisdom from the road. Some are means wide open spaces in a whole lot of extra miles. Last place you want your engine to give out is halfway to nowhere.

Out here, low oil or a weak battery is just an ambush way to happen.

“That's why every oil change at Vowl the lane is the oil change that glutes at eight-team point maintenance check.”

These text are trained to help spot issues early and give you a run easy. Vowl the lane, instant oil change wisely. What's up fam? I'm sports journalist Ari Chambers. Hey, what's up, y'all?

Is she girl Sam J? And we're the host of everyone watches women's sports. A new podcast from together and I heart women's sports. Because let's be real. Women's sports is giving us way too much to talk about these days.

So Kelsey Finler, she became the first female solo roar to go from California to Hawaii.

My first eyes is like, what's up with the snacks? Like, what do we eat? The highlights, the rivalries, the breakout stars, the moments that take over your entire timeline. In the conversations that start during the game and somehow keep going all week, every week, we're breaking down the biggest stories across women's sports. Naomi Osaka showing out she beat Savalinka.

Shows you Naomi. You get the palm Naomi in the palm. You get the palm for that. Because we're not just interested in what happened. We're interested in why everyone's talking about it.

Because everyone watches women's sports. Listen to everyone watches women's sports. On the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcast. Or wherever you get your podcast. Hey, Portlandia fans.

You know us or rather, you know them.

Tony and Candace, Nina and Lance. Spike and yes, the chicken.

“We've played a lot of iconic characters over the years,”

but today we're showing up other cells to tell you about Podlandia, AO rewatch, our brand new podcast. Each week we'll revisit an episode of Portlandia from the very beginning. Breaking down the sketches, exploring the back stories of almost iconic characters,

revisiting the Portland locations you know and love, and opening up about our creative process. How did any of this get made? Why do we think that was a good idea? We're ready to talk about it.

And we'll also be joined by the people who helped to bring it all to life. guest stars, collaborators and friends, including director Jonathan Chrysel, the mayor himself, Kyle McLaughlin, legendary musician, Amy Mann, and many more.

Kyle is going right here.

Are you fully improvised? Not just words, but a song about it. I thought he was going to write. I thought you're all going to write a song. I remember you thinking that.

Listen to Podlandia. AO rewatch on the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. So, Chuck, one thing you can say about humans is that we are action oriented.

Sure. In a lot of ways. I will give you the ends. We sit around and bicker and complain and moan and undermine one another.

But when the chips are down, we can invent our way out of a lot of problems. And invention doesn't have to necessarily mean that we,

you know, put some metal on metal

and made it go on its own. It can be something like inventing new areas for species that are in danger of being lost to climate change to settle and make another part of their range out of.

Well, sir, it sounds like you were talking about forest assisted migration. By God, I know. That's right. And that is basically. And we'll talk about the good,

the bad, the ugly of this. That is human being scientists getting involved in the ecosystem and nature and spreading seed and sort of getting ahead of the pace. If the pace isn't where it should be

to keep up with climate change, say, well, let me give you a little help forward. And this is can be kind of thorny because it's humans. Like I said, getting involved in the ecosystem

in ways that science is long said,

“let nature work it out and that's the best way to do it”

because you don't know what can happen once you start messing around. Yeah, like nature finds a way. It does. These guys are saying the people who are in favor of this

are saying that made sense before July 2023, which is probably the hottest month in Earth's history. At least it's getting far as since it cooled, basically. And that followed the hottest June ever, right?

So they're these ecologists that are like, no, we need to take much more of an active hand in this. Are saying like, it's our obligation to do something. Not doing anything is going to be more destructive. It's like saying, like, yeah,

we shouldn't move these people out of this house that's being bulldozed over because we don't know what they're going to do when they're new neighborhood. So we're just going to stand there and watch them die

as the bulldozer crushes them inside of their house. That's a pretty good analogy if I do congratulate myself here. It's very much akin to that. And so those ecologists have a pretty good point. Like it's like, yeah, it's not a great, perfect solution,

but it's way better than doing nothing. Yeah, but they're not doing it willy-nilly though. They're very aware of the potential pitfalls, like spreading disease and introducing something to an area that could be really bad for other things in that area.

So they're not just out there with a seed cannon, blasting stuff all over the place. Like, like, Dolph Lunger enters something. Wearing bike coach shorts. There's a couple of different kinds though.

There's forced assisted migration. The one that's really sort of thorny is assisted range expansion. So like, if you're spreading something within the zone where it might still normally grow in like 200 years,

that's one thing. If you're moving something completely out of that range, like, you know, they do forecasting and stuff. And they're like, what might this area look like, 100 miles from here, 100 years from now.

If they're moving something completely out of a range that it would even potentially grow, that gets way way trickier.

“And I think there's less of that happening, right?”

Yeah, yeah, for sure. But you hit it on the head. They're saying, like, okay, by 2100, what is this area going to be like? Is it going to be like where these red oaks

like to live now in 2023?

and hope that some of them will survive and adapt and start colonizing there, right? Yeah. You can see even pricklyer than assisted range expansion. There's another even more radical one called

species rescue or assisted species migration. And that is where you take a plant completely out of its normal range, out of what you would even predict would be as normal.

And just move it somewhere it would never be.

Right. This is considered the riskiest of the three by ecologists because you can easily take something that's totally innocuous and benign under normal circumstances

and make it into an invasive species when you move it. And the critics of this typically point to the Monterey pine as a good example. Yeah, that's right. It's endangered in California.

It is native to California. But they have introduced it in Australia. And it's, I don't know, about wreaking havoc, but it's damaging the, it's an invasive species in Australia. Yeah, for sure, they consider it a weed.

And when they see it, they pluck it. They do not like those in New South Wales and Victoria, I believe, states. Now that's a weed. All right.

I don't know. This is okay. I'm going to have to agree with you on that.

“I think you just, you just came up with a brand new type”

of accent, frankly. Yeah. Can we hear it again? No. Okay.

I'm just going to go back and replay it. You know, it's funny, though, as I use my, the lady and my phone that talks to me, and puts a call on Apple. Siri, I guess.

I don't use Siri, but I, I still have a voice for maps and stuff. And I use a, I usually go between an Irish woman and a Kiwi, a New Zealander. Oh, yeah.

And the New Zealander says, "Right."

And it always cracks me up.

That sounds like Matthew McConaughey. It does. At the next street, take a ride. I got to hear that. Yeah.

I didn't know you could do something that she was to an Apple iPhone. Make a copy of it. Some, some regular old thing. I don't do sounds.

Digital sounds are one of those. Like, I don't have a mecephonia, but if I do, it's for digital sounds. Like, when I get a new computer, the first thing I do is turn off all sounds on it.

Like, anything else. It's something. I have to go. Like, I have to change my text sound every month or so, because I'll just get like anxiety from it.

I can't stand text sounds. So I have to come up with a new one. I do not like them. Well, do you know what I do?

“Is I record, uh, I record my own text in phone rings and stuff?”

Oh, yeah. Yeah, I record my voice. Like, when my phone rings,

I never have my ringer on,

but if it ever does, it's a me going ring ring ring. That's awesome. And if I get a text, it's me going text, man.

That's great. Yeah. And then I get strange looks, but who cares? Can I just use yours? Yeah, I'll tell you if you want.

Thank you. Yeah. Or you can, like, you can make one specific for you me, which is like,

maybe just her sweet boy saying, hello, hello, my love. I used to have a ring tone with her singing that part from,

um, what's love got to do with it? Yeah. Exactly. But she just kept saying that over and over again.

It was pretty great. Oh, I'd love to hear this. It's also kind of maddening. Yeah. No, it never was actually.

I never got sick of that one. I think that says a lot. But it's better than delu, delu, delu, delu, delu, delu, delu, delu, delu, yeah. Man, you just stressed me out. Sorry.

You got anything else? Uh, Now, I had a joke about your dislike of digital sounds, but your love of craft work flies in the face of that, but I wouldn't even say it.

That's more a statement than a joke. Yeah. But it is true. It's quite accurate. I think that's it, Chuck. Yeah, I got nothing else.

This is, uh, This is a good one. Look out, you know, if you're in, um, if you're in New Mexico and you see a palm tree growing, then watch out.

That's right. It means that you've gone tropical, and you're in trouble now. Yeah, not in a good way. Uh,

“If you want to know more about plant migration,”

there's a lot of interesting stuff out there on the internet to read and go do that. And maybe go become an ecologist and figure out how to save the planet, please. Since Chuck said agreed,

it's time for Listener Mail. Uh, This from William Lloyd, we did a shorty on the NATO, um,

phonetic alphabet. And what we didn't consider was this. Uh, Hey guys, being a pilot and prior air force,

I was glad that you did one on this topic. It's not a correction. Uh, you'd guess it a good job. But you missed what I think is the best part. The numbers.

Uh, the NATO alphabet is kind of a misnomer, because it actually also includes number zero through nine, but you can't really make a word starting from a number, so it's purely pronunciation.

Uh, most numbers are the same with a notable exception of nineer. Uh, we used nineer instead of nine, because over a garbled radio,

it sounds like five, but mainly because NATO countries speak German,

nine is no enjoyment. Nice. Uh,

three is pronounced tree.

Uh,

“to not be confused with the antiquated prefix,”

uh, uh, three SRI. Uh, four is two syllables,

uh, syllables, rhymes with lower, so you'd say four. (laughs)

That sounds kind of funny. Uh, to differentiate it from, you know, FOR. And uh,

five is five,

to keep the word fire distinct in some dialects.

Huh. All right. This is good stuff. I feel dumb that we missed that. Um,

that's all interesting, but you're probably thinking, does anyone actually say it like that? It depends. Nineer is pretty universal.

Uh, plus we think it makes us sound cool, which it does, of course. Uh, the rest are much less common,

but depending where you are in the world, and what dialects are involved, they're useful from time to time. Uh, signed tailwinds.

Decker. That's awesome. And also, what a great nickname to. I hope that's your nickname.

Your parents didn't actually name you tailwinds. Well, then in Odecker's, the name "Tale Wins" was the... Oh, the sign-off? Yeah. The cheers or the one love? Exactly. So, Dekker's the first thing. Well, I don't know, it's a Dekker. Dekker may be a call sign actually. All right. Well, I love that. Thanks a lot, Dekker. Much appreciated.

I say nine or whenever the occasion arises, you know? I like that. You know, our good friend, Jo Randazzo, formerly of the Onion and at Midnight Fam, our comedy writer friend. He signs his emails yours with a comma. Jo Randazzo? That's great. That's very well. I think yours is. Yeah, it's very, very warm.

As is Jo. Sure. That's perfect for him.

And as always, hi to the kids. Yeah.

Jo's kids, too. Listen. Yeah, the Randazzo's. They're listening family. The flying Randazzo's. Their treppies are just family just waiting to happen. They should be. Well, we'll see. A lot's going to happen by the end of the century, apparently.

“So who knows? Right. Well, if you want to get in touch with us like Dekker did”

and confused me with your sign off, I'd appreciate it. So would chuck to. He loves that kind of thing. You can wrap it up, spank it on the bottom, and send it off to [email protected]. Stuff you should know is a production of IHeartRadio.

For more podcasts, my heart radio visit the IHeartRadio app. Apple podcasts are wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Hey, Portlandia fans. Carry Brownstein and Fred Armisen here. The dream of the 90s is alive in podcast form.

We're launching Pod Landia, A.O. rewatch. Our brand new podcast where we revisit every episode of Portlandia together. Breaking down sketches, going deep on our iconic characters, and pulling back the curtain on how it all got made. And we'll also be joined by the people who helped to bring it all to life. guest stars, collaborators and friends, including director Jonathan Christle,

the mayor himself, Kyle McLaughlin, legendary musician, Amy Man, and many more. Kyle is going for it here. You fully improvise not just words, but a song about it. I thought you were all going to write a song about it.

I remember you thinking about it. Listen to Pod Landia, A.O. rewatch on the IHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

“What's up, fam? I'm Sports journalist, are you chambers?”

Hey, what's up, y'all? It's your girl Sam Jain. And we're the host of Everyone Watches Women Sports, a new podcast from Together in IHeart Women Sports. We're breaking down the biggest headlines. Naomi Osaka showing out channels to you now, with a viral moments.

I've been obsessed with Koshan Rocks boxing journey. She looks good, her combos are swift. The stories everyone's talking about across women's sport. Because everyone watches women's sports. Listen to everyone watches women's sports on the IHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,

or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Jake Brenner, and on the disgraceland podcast, I explore the wild lives of rock stars and unbelievable true crime stories from music history. These are the stories you had in her.

The kind you'll end up telling someone else. Like the time Paul McCartney spent in an notorious prison or the bizarre crime Lady Gaga is accused of, where that time blondies Debbie Harry is skate, Ted Bunny. Listen to disgraceland. On the IHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,

or wherever you get your podcasts. This is an IHeart podcast. Guaranteed Human.