It's 1984.
of the Death Wish movies. "This is the story of a man who decided to clean up the most violent town in the world." "I sent you to the realm. You mean a party?"
If you've never seen the Death Wish movies, they follow the actor Charles Bronson as he
goes on a shooting spray to, depending on the movie, avenge the murder of his wife or the murders of other ordinary New Yorkers, who fall prey to the city's wildest, most violent criminals." The plot sort of doesn't matter in a weird way. This is a story in Heather and Thompson, author of the new book, "Fear and Fury."
“What matters is that the audience is relating to this feeling of always unsettled when”
you leave your apartment or your home, and that at any given moment, some young black or brown thug will cause you harm.
The A's were full of movies like this, Death Wish, the exterminator, the dirty hairy
movies. This is kind of a glorified vigilante genre of media. Every man for himself make sure your arm to take out any would be a salant on your own, make sure that you're protecting your family. And that every man for himself message resonated with people.
All the movies came out, and what was actually a very difficult moment in cities like New York.
“This is four years into the Reagan Revolution.”
Cities have been stripped of a lot of their social resources and trashes, piling up on the city streets, muggings are up, the drug trade is up. The city is feeling dangerous. There's mainly a sense that nobody is doing anything about any of this. There's a real lack of understanding of why our cities feeling so under siege.
Then in 1984, something tragic happens in New York City. A white man named Bernie Gets fed up with the crime and violence of the city, boards the subway and shoots four black teenagers. None of them have weapons, but as the story spreads and becomes a headline in papers across the city, it starts transforming into a fantasy, pulled right out of deathwish,
complete with dangerous armed criminals.
“You know, they're not always necessarily going to have the gun, right?”
They're going to have something they're going to slash you with jagged glass or they're going to whip out a tire iron and in the Bernie Gets case, there's sort of a new version of this, which is that young teenagers in the city are carrying screwdrivers. Not just screwdrivers, sharpen screwdrivers. As in, the normal tool transformed into a piercing deadly weapon.
Only it was completely made up. The teens were not carrying sharpen screwdrivers or any other kind of weapon. That was the invention of this one moment in 1984.
A sneaky new weapon and a powerful symbol.
From 99% of visible and BBC studios, this is a history of the United States in a hundred objects, I'm Roman Mars. Today, how the mythical sharpen screwdrivers at the heart of the Bernie Gets shooting surfaced a new era of misinformation and why it's still invoked as a justification for white vigilante violence today.
Before the 14 years in the Gets case became known as sharpen screwdrivers wielding criminals, they were just four kids in the South Bronx. If New York was in bad shape, the South Bronx was in catastrophic shape. This is Elliott Williams, legal analyst and author of a book on Gets called Five Bullets. To mid-19ase, we're a quite significant period of transition.
Certainly, just about everything withdrew as the city tightened its belt. Firemen, police, sanitation workers, gone. Public schools were decimated and stuck in the middle of that were four young men, Barry Allen, Darrell K.B., Troy Candy, and James Ramsoor. They were all between 18 and 19 years old and lived in a subsidized housing project called
Claremont Village in the Bronx.
Bernie, the 14 years were soon to become famous, but we still actually don't ...
much about their lives.
“"I tried to speak to all of the surviving young men, two of the four are surviving.”
I tried very hard to speak to them. I got as close as speaking to two of Darrell K.B., sisters for the book, but they did not want to be on the record or quoted in the book and I respected that." Still, there are some small details we do know. We know they had siblings.
We know James Ramsoor was a talented break dancer. We know that Barry Allen was a young father.
We know Darrell K.B. ultimately is raised for most of his childhood by only his mother, because
his father who had been working as a taxi driver had been crushed by his own cab in a car jacking.
“And his mother very much wanted more for him, wanted him to get away from all of the pressures”
and troubles of the South Bronx to sort of find a better life. But at this point, in 1984, none of them had been able to get away. So these are four kids who are hanging around essentially day after day and have no money, no jobs, no prospects, but who still of course want to go on a date, want to play a video game, want to be a teenager, and so they decide on December 22nd, 1984 that they're going
to go into the city.
And they're going to go to a video arcade because video arcades had machines that you could
take a screwdriver, Jimmy open the receptacle, and you could get some quarters out of it. And in 1984, if you got a bunch of quarters, that was the difference between you being able to get something to eat between you being able to imagine maybe taking your girlfriend to
“the movies, that was the difference between having a life and not having a life.”
But I will note, it was not that they were the sort of street gang who were out marauding or wilding or whatever else, this was a common act that teenagers did. I mean, this was the golden age of arcade games, Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, these games were everywhere, you're talking liquor stores, bodega's bowling alleys, it was painfully easy
for someone with a long screwdriver and a little ingenuity to just pop it open and run away
with all that money in it, and in many respects, with cleaner or safer than mugging or robbing someone, it wasn't that police were likely to move heaven and earth to try to track down a kid with $80 of quarters in his pocket, and even if you got caught, you wouldn't go to jail for a long time. So three days before Christmas 1984, when the city is bustling and people are scrambling
to get last minute gifts, the four teenagers get on a train to go to an arcade downtown. They got on, they jumped, the turn-style, and the south Bronx, we're goofing off, they were certainly doing pull-ups on the bars, walking around, asking people for cigarettes or food for matches or whatever else, meanwhile, birdie gets in Manhattan about 30 minutes south of the Bronx on the train, is about to leave his apartment.
He's had a frustrating morning, and he decides that he's going to get on a train, and he's going to go down and potentially see some friends, maybe have a drink or two, but whatever get out of the apartment, and so he leaves mid-afternoon to walk very nearby to the 14th street station. He gets on the two train going downtown, and onto this one car, there are these four teenagers.
They were having a really good time, they are joking around, they're laughing, back in the day, subways had these straps that hung down, and they were swinging on those straps and goofing around, and talking to people, "Hey, what's up, you got a light?" And so Birdie gets sits down, and decides to sit right across from them, which is noteworthy to the teens, because of course nobody wants to sit next to teenagers.
The train wasn't full, so Birdie gets didn't have to sit next to the teenagers, but he did. And one of them who is really closest to a name Troy Canty is interested in this, and he says, "Hey, you know, he greets him, and Birdie gets kind of gruffly, you know, so you know, hey, responds back, and he's kind of encouraged, and he's encouraged in particular
to ask this guy, does he have five dollars?" So that was not a particularly weird thing for Troy Canty to say, "Hey, have you got five bucks?" This is the '80s, and Panhandling is the name of the game.
You can't go anywhere in New York City in 1984 without somebody saying, "Hey,...
got a dollar, you got five bucks."
But Birdie doesn't like that. Birdie gets stands up.
“He slowly turns, and in that moment, Trent Canty sort of thinks, "Wow, this guy's actually”
going to give me five bucks. Cool." But what happens is Birdie gets stands up, reaches into the waistband of his slacks, and what he has there is a hidden holster. What Troy didn't know was that Birdie gets routinely carried guns.
And in New York, that was illegal to just carry a gun because you want to do. So he'd actually purchased his guns illegally because he'd gone down to Florida and purchased them and brought them back. So Birdie has one of those illegal guns on him, a 38 Smith and Weston, and now he pulls it out on the train.
He swings around assumes a combat position, and shoots Troy Canty, front on, straight in the chest, and immediately right behind Troy.
“Is his friend Barry Allen, who's not said a word to Birdie gets.”
He horrified tries to get away, tries to run, and Birdie gets shoots him in the back. And then their friend James Ramzoor, who's even further down the train, who's also said nothing to Birdie gets.
He shoots him, as he's trying to get away, and the arm it goes through his side and ultimately
into his lungs. Now three of the four teens are on the floor of the train, bleeding. Troy Canty, from a bullet to the chest, Barry Allen, from a bullet to the back. James Ramzoor, from a bullet to his arm inside. Birdie also fires at the 14, Darryl Kaby, and Mrs. Shaking Kaby sits down in the rear
of the car, head down, and grips the edge of a seat, hoping that Birdie will just move on. And when Birdie gets walks over to this fourth teenager, Darryl Kaby, he looks down at him, and he says, you look okay, here's another, and that's when he puts a gun straight
“in his side, pulls the trigger, thus severing his spinal cord, and rendering him paralyzed”
for the rest of his life. Well, this is all happening, the conductor pulls the emergency break, and the train comes to a halt. So the train has stopped on the tracks in the darkness between somewhere between 14th Street and Chamber Street in Lower Manhattan.
Now, at that moment, gets a peered comm to passengers, and a peered almost poised, but
he ultimately knowing that the train would be swarmed with a police in a matter of
moments, just fled. Jumped off the train, ran through the subway platform, with his gun, took a cab home, rendered car, and fled to New Hampshire. The boys are hoisted out of the train and rushed to the hospital. All four were badly wounded, but Darryl Kaby is the worst off, in a coma, with a bullet
in his spinal cord. He and Barry Allen are hurried into the operating room. And meanwhile, back on the train, the police are trying to make sense of what in the world just happened, and so what are they left with? They're left with the clothing of the boys who have been stripped so that they can be attended
to medically, and the police discover that in the pockets of two of these young men, in particular, was Darryl Kaby and James Ramsore that they have screwdriver. And initially, when they pull these screwdriver out, and they note them, they catalog them, there had been no reason to think they'd ever been taken out. They were secured in their jackets, and that was kind of the end of it.
The police log the screwdriver, but they don't think of them as relevant yet. Meanwhile, the whole system begins to mobilize to figure out what the boys could have done to justify the shooting. They're casting about, combing the records to figure out what in the world record must these teenagers have, because surely they must be criminals.
Surely they must be responsible for the fact that they themselves now have bullet holes in them. And they quickly realize that these teenagers have racked up a series of misdemeanor citations over the previous years. If it weren't for the Gets case, none of those charges would ever bring them to court.
But within a very short period of time, two Bronx judges make the executive decision that they're going to suddenly issue a blizzard of warrants for these teenagers arrest.
Meanwhile, the police are looking for Bernie, so they can question him, too.
The search goes on today for the so-called Subway of vigilante, but already the public
“isn't even sure the police should be doing that.”
Police reported receiving more than 500 calls, praising the man who shot the teenagers. Bernie Gets is celebrated by ordinary people. They champion him. They decide that he's innocent even before they know his name. They are furious that the DA's office will even consider prosecuting him.
Before Burr Gets was identified, the New York Post started calling him the, quote, "death wish of vigilante." That's the nickname they gave him. And they started running graphics about the death wish vigilante. Charles Bronson and the protagonist of the movie Death wish.
So long before Bernie Gets had pulled that trigger, they were already really being primed
“with this rhetoric to identify with Bernie Gets.”
Bernie Gets, he's just minding his own business. He's a hardworking guy, he's a small business owner. Bernie was a regular guy, you know what I mean, he's a regular guy. He's a big thing about him, you know? And he gets on that train and four black thugs are going to try to harm him.
And so that's all they need to know, right? If it was me, I would have killed the guy. I mean, if it was me and I had to defend myself, I would have been exactly the same thing. I think you did right. They tried to mug him?
They're not kids, they wanted to do this.
“But there's one detail in this story, one piece of misinformation that really started”
to stand out. And it had to do with those screwdrivers. Police say the teenagers had arrest records and three were carrying long screwdrivers. Police say the boys were armed with sharpened screwdrivers. Now the media was reporting that even though the boys didn't have guns, they had weapons
in the form of screwdrivers and not just screwdrivers, sharpened ones. These were not sharpened screwdrivers. These were regular screwdrivers that they needed to jimmy open the coronary septicles at the local arcade. And it's not just the use of the sharpened screwdrivers, but the use of the term armed, the
narrative that the four young men were armed with screwdrivers is itself a fiction.
There was never any screwdrivers shown to brandish or made available to burn our gets
at any time. It is simply not true. But that didn't matter. After the New York Daily News reported it, it's Talois Competitor, the New York Post, double down.
Every major paper ran with this notion that the screwdrivers were sharpened. Police say they did find several sharpened screwdrivers in the co-pockets of the victim. According to police, carried sharpened heavy-duty screwdrivers. And each time another news story mentioned it, it became more and more real. For black teenagers, wielding sharpened screwdrivers, pressed it for $5.
Eventually, even major mainstream publications, like the New York Times and Time Magazine, ran with this detail. All you knew was a white guy that had shot for black teenagers who were armed with sharpened screwdrivers, and that stuck in it taps into a long-running narrative in the United States over lifting up vigilantes in vigilante behavior.
Still, even as these new stories are circulating, there's a big piece of the puzzle missing. Bernie, who had been on the lamp for nine days, still needed to be questioned.
And he was about to finally emerge and give his own version of events.
After nine days of trips and around the snowy backroads of Vermont and New Hampshire, Bernie Gats finally decides to turn himself in. He walks into the police station in Concord, New Hampshire, and starts talking. When he turns himself in, he voluntarily waves his right to a lawyer, and he proceeds to give a two-hour video taped confession, and in that, he pulls no punches.
He makes clear that robbery had nothing to do with it. And he says this a few times, even when the DA clearly mystified as to why he would have
Done.
you know, free few years or earlier? It's just no, it had nothing to do with it. You know, were you being robbed? And he's snowed.
“He even admits to going up to Darryl Kaby, who was cowering in his seat,”
and saying a line that shocks me every time I hear it.
Well, I saw the gleam in his eye in the smile on his face. I went to him the second time.
And I looked out. And I said, "You seem to be doing all right. Here's another." Bernie was fed up with the city, with the boys, and he decided to take matters into his own hands. He had admitted to all of it. The question now was, "Would that matter?" More than two years after the shooting, the case finally went to court. Bernie faced a 13 count indictment. And on paper, it looked like a slam dunk for prosecutors.
On the one hand, you have a prosecutor who has everything on his side. He's got Bernie gets this confession and he's got very badly injured. Victims, you know, the facts are on his side.
But Bernie Kets is already winning in the court of public opinion. And he has hired a very,
very important lawyer by the name of Barry Slotnik, who was going to, in effect, bamboozle the jury. Barry Slotnik couldn't have been more out of central casting when you think of the kind of glitzie showbiz type attorney. Barry Slotnik was hit. He had tailored Italian suits. He had jewelry, the tie tack. He had a alligator skin briefcase in each hand. He's showfird in a Cadillac. He smoked
“cigarettes. He had represented many high-profile members. I believe in the Colombo crime family.”
So he was a mob lawyer. So on one side, you have this shiny mob lawyer representing Bernie Kets. And on the other, there's the prosecutor tasked with proving the boys were the victims. And the jury is waiting to hear from both sides. You know, when you describe the, you know, the contours of the case to anyone, they have a hard time coming up with what the defense is going to be. But could you boil it down for me? What was this sort of nature of the defense's case?
The defense's case was multifold. I think the big part of it is, and Barry Slotnik says this in his opening statement, I am going to put these young men on trial. And frankly, I don't think he called them young men. It was thugs and hoodlums and savages and whatever else. He framed it as a gang. They street gang that sought to terrorize if not Bernard Gets, whoever was the next unlucky victim of their vicious path. The judge banned explicit talk of race at the trial.
But race was always front of mind. They never said black. They never said it, but they used
language of savages, thugs, animals, monsters, hoodlums. The defense was not shy about doing everything they possibly could to stoke the racial biases of the jury. And it wasn't just the language he used. One of the first things Slotnik and his team did was deliberately seek out photographs where the young men looked their most menacing. Giant 24 by 36 or whatever black and white posters of these four young men in which the young men just didn't look friendly yet. Slotnik even put
“those pictures on easels in front of the jury. For no reason, remember, these are victims. These were”
not perpetrators or creases and evidence, but every day when they walked in, these menacing looking photographs of these four young black men would be staring at the jury because they wanted the jury to see who these men were. I'd draw their own conclusions from back. Then about a month into the trial, Slotnik pulled out the big guns. One morning they went in to court and taped out a model of the train car on the floor of the courtroom. Slotnik was
staging what was supposed to be a re-enactment of the shooting. But very quickly, it was clear that almost nothing about it resembled what actually happened. They brought in four of the meanest-looking black guys they could find it and dressed them up in dirty jeans and white t-shirts and had them represent the four young men. So the representation of the boys was already inaccurate, but they also didn't try to replicate any of the other conditions on the train that day. The
recreation didn't show any of the other passengers who had been there and instead of trying to recreate where the boys were actually sitting or standing, the four actors were directed to stand in a semi-circle around the stand-in for Bernie Gets. Think of all of the various factors
That would have been at play, but all it was was a taped out model of the car...
black teenagers grabbing and tugging and shoving and pulling the model for her gets.
The judge eventually stopped the demonstration. But the damage was done, the jury saw what the defense wanted them to see, which was four young black men beating up a white man and that's it. In essence, this is how most of the trial goes. The defense continued to use racialized language and stereotypes to amp up the jurors' larger fears and anxieties about the city and to use all of this to prove that Bernie was acting in self-defense that he was reasonable to think
that he was about to be robbed or mugged. They even explained away his confession. The defense made the decision, a very risky one, but said that this was a frightened man, and even though he's openly confessing, he was unambiguous and I intended to murder these men and to make them suffer as possible. Those were his words, but because he was scared and out of his mind, that meant that we should discredit the words that come out of his mouth. It was very risky.
But ultimately, the strategy paid off. In June 1987, the jury acquitted Bernie gets of the most
serious charges against him, not guilty of attempted murder, not guilty of assaulting the four
“boys. The only thing he was held accountable for was the possession of illegal firearms and in the”
end, he only served eight months. What is this sort of basic legal reason for the jury? This just explained to me why the jury voted not to convict him. The legal reason goes back to this question of reasonableness. The law in the state of New York says one can use deadly or lethal force if he reasonably believes he's about to be a victim of a robbery. And after doing that analysis, the jury felt that gets was reasonably afraid. And they think that what they were simply doing
was applying the law saying in a rough environment, in a rough city, this individual was reasonable in his belief that a mugging might have been imminent. The gets case actually said a new legal precedent around that question. When is it reasonable for someone to act in self-defense? Before the case, the New York state legislature hadn't clearly defined what reasonable meant. And the question was, is reasonableness subjective in a sense that if you genuinely feel scared
in your heart, that's enough. I feel scared therefore I can use deadly force or objective. I'm going to use deadly force and that tracks with how we would assume other people in society would behave. That compares my behavior to everyone else's. And those are two different ways that courts around the country had grappled with how to use the term. This question is so contentious and actually goes up to the highest court in New York, which decides once and for all to clarify it.
“Technically they say you have to consider both things. What the person was afraid of”
and what an average reasonable person would be afraid of. But as we see in the Bernie Gets case, even considering that definition of reasonable, what the average person might do
still ultimately comes down to a very subjective opinion. This measure of reasonableness
seems to have just, I don't know, we seem to accept a lot of more of this. Yeah. We have no evidence to suggest that a robbery was imminent. But the mere fact that one might have sincerely thought that a mugging was coming would have allowed him to kill them under the law. Like if he had succeeded and actually committed the consummate of the act of homicide, that would have been protected under New York law. And which is sort of it's one of the realities
of the American conception of self-defense that we don't ever really stop to think about, which might lead to innocent people getting shot preemptively. And we as a society sort of make peace with that. So if that's the legal reason why Gets go off, do you have a take on what the real reason was? Like what do people say? It's both my knowledge of the system and cynicism
“as a former prosecutor. And I would say honestly the jury saw themselves in Bernard Gets.”
Another jury could easily have convicted him of attempted murder, starting with the fact that he says on the record two police knowingly and voluntarily, I intended to murder them. In an attempted murder trial, that's a confession. And so this idea that he was scared and out of his mind means
That we should discredit the words that come out of his mouth is to me that's...
nonsense. But they saw themselves in him. 10 of the 12 jury members were white. Half of the jury
“had actually been victims of crime. Some of them on the subway. They were primed to see themselves”
in Gets. And to see the boys as attackers. And if you believe the papers, attackers wielding sharpened screwdrivers. Every single serious source of look at this is found has debunked the sharpened screwdrivers theory. And again, that to me extends not just to whether they were sharpened, but the use of the term armed when referring to the teenagers. Because number one, we know the purpose for which they had the screwdrivers. And number two, we know that they had no point attempted
to even threaten to use them with respect to burn our Gets. And yet at the end of the day, in a narrative very familiar to today that we all inhabit, the facts won't matter because people will want to somehow exonerate him anyway. In the same way that the Gets case acted
“as a kind of stress test for the legal definitions behind self defense, it was also a testing”
ground for something else. In the late 70s, Rupert Murdock, then an ambitious conservative media mogul came to the states with the dream of dominating the US market, starting with buying
the New York Post. And he quickly understands that one of the most important things that you need,
we're going to dominate a media market as you need readers. And one of the easiest ways to get readers is to kind of keep hitting them with soullacious stories that just baffle them and defy imagination. I'll give you just one example of that, that just exemplifies this moment so well. Reporter from the New York Post was later interviewed about the reporting in the post in these years. And this reporter gave an example of how there'd be an event. And our post reporter would be on
“the scene and sort of asked the police officer like a crime and say, do you know what happened?”
You know, who are your suspects? What's going on? And the police officers, they know we're still
investigating it. And the reporter would say, well, have you ruled out this? Have you ruled out that? And have you ruled out a homosexual angle? And of course, the police officer's like, look, we have ruled out anything. We're still investigating. And then the headline would be, homosexual angle, not ruled out in this crime, right? So, you know, the Bernie Gets case was really ground zero for this in New York City. And really the nation, because Rupert Murdoch's New York Post
will become Fox News. And Bernie Gets will become that every man, that resentful, raged filled every man, that over time will be allowed to do whatever he wants, even legally, as long as he just says he felt threatened. In the decades after, we have had more people enacting the death-wish fantasy, taking their idea of justice into their own hands. In 2012, George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer in Sanford, Florida, saw a black teenager in a dark
hoodie walking down the street. Zimmerman said he thought the team was casing the area, looking for houses to rob. But rather than wait for police, Zimmerman got out of his car, and gunned down 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. Trayvon had no weapons, only a bag of skittles in his pocket. In 2020, Kyle Rittenhouse showed up at a Black Lives Matter protest in Kenosha, Wisconsin, with an AR-15-style rifle. He said he went to protect local businesses to do what he thought
law enforcement could not. Rittenhouse shot three people, killing two and wounding another. The modern diversion of this kind of unleashing of rage and violence is perhaps not surprisingly much more extreme. How can it be that Kyle Rittenhouse can literally show up at a protest, guns in hand, and shoot three people, kill people, and have people celebrate him. How Rittenhouse struck us as bright, decent, sincere, doodiful, and hardworking. Exactly the kind of person
you'd want many more of in your country. Then in 2023, Daniel Penny, a former Marine, got on the same New York City subway as Jordan Neely, a three-year-old unarmed black man. Neely was in the middle of a mental health crisis, and he began to shout and act erratically. Penny grabbed Neely from behind, brought him to the ground, and placed him in a chokehold for several minutes. Daniel Penny, like Bernie Gats, deemed some threatening, and killed him.
Here, just like the other two cases, the same thing happened.
and they're all lionized. Daniel Penny was a good smart and put his own life at risk.
“I think he deserves a medal. New York needs this.”
And this support, it doesn't stop with conservative media. It reaches beyond to billionaire businessman, even the president of the United States. Just put on your imagination hat, and imagine if Daniel Penny is a black man, and Jordan Neely is a white man. Daniel Penny kills Jordan Neely in a chokehold. Close your eyes and imagine, does Donald Trump invite him to sit in his private box at the Army Navy game weeks later after his acquittal,
and I think the answer is no. Does and Dreson Horowitz, the most prestigious venture capital firm
on the planet, give him a job offer days after his acquittal, and I think again the answer is no. In the end, all three men are acquitted of all assault charges, just as Bernie gets had been. In fact, in the penny case, when the jury asked for clarification on the question of what was reasonable, the judge specifically referred them back to the president's set in the guest trial.
“And that's not the only way that Bernie keeps coming up in these vigilante cases.”
He is still very much lionized. He was asked what he thought about Kyle Rittenhouse's verdict. He was asked what he thought about Daniel Penny's verdict. He's still able to be the hero of his story. While Bernie gets is still invoked again and again, the four teenagers have sort of disappeared. Meanwhile, James Ramsor is dead. He killed himself on one of the anniversaries of the shooting. Things weren't much better for his three friends. In 1996, KBS family did win a civil suit against
Gets. They were awarded $43 million in damages, but they never received a penny.
Gets soon declared bankruptcy, and KBS receded from the news. Barry Allen died too, after years of struggling with drug addiction. Troy Canty is the only one of the four who managed to eke out some kind of an independent life afterwards. And he doesn't want to talk to anybody very understandably because he doesn't trust that his story will actually be honored.
And what happened with the myth of the sharpened screwdriver? The myth of the sharpened screwdriver remains. Bernard Gets as recently as Kyle Rittenhouse was in an interview referring to the sharpened screwdriver. The sharpened screwdriver is are evoked to explain why Bernie Gets had done what he did. It was just an narrative that took off from the first day and now 42 years later, it still is not really back in the bag.
A history of the United States and a hundred objects is a production of 99 percent invisible and BBC studios. It's hosted and curated by me, Roman Mars. This episode was produced by Ellie Lightfoot. Our other producers are Priscilla, Alibi, and Brenna Daltorff. Our associate producer is Isaac Fisher. This series was edited by Annie Brown and Courtney Harrell, mixing by Charlie Brandon Kang, fact checking by Amy Bracken.
Our theme song is by Swan Real. From 99 percent invisible, our executive producer is Kathy too,
from BBC studios, our executive producers are Annie Brown and Courtney Harrell. Our production coordinator is Shan Palet and the production manager is Mabel Fennigan Wright, art work by Stefan Lawrence. 99 percent invisible is part of the serious XM podcast family, headquartered in beautiful, uptown, Oakland, California, and BBC studios is headquartered in beautiful,
“white city, West London. If you want to get in touch or have an object for us to consider,”
email us at 100objects at 99PI.org. [BLANK_AUDIO]
