Why is there a supplement craze if they don’t even work?

It's intimidation. They've created a climate of fear to make the news organization unwilling to tackle the problem and report to news.

“Law times 60 minutes correspond at Steve Croft this week on Consider This, listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.”

This is Planet Money from NPR. You may have noticed we're living in the midst of a supplement craze. People are biomexing biohacking so they can live longer. Everyone's talking about gut health. I feel very aware of my gut health right now. It's true. The supplement industry is a 70 billion dollar industry in the United States and growing fast. We are talking protein powders, pre-workouts, probiotics, fat burners. There's joint health, gut health. There's glowing skin. I love glowing skin. There's stronger nails, all of that.

75% of Americans take supplements. A lot of people like 100,000 different options you can choose from. Now, supplements are everything from creatine or bovine colostrum. Sometimes put in a martini to your daily vitamin C gummies or echinacea.

And because there are so many supplements out there, we kind of wanted to see how easy it is to get a new supplement pill.

Or gummy on the market. Like, could we make a supplement? Okay. What if we want to make a supplement? Okay. Like a real NPR planet money branded supplement. Awesome. This is Frank Cantone, the chiseled CEO of S&P Nutrious Supplement Manufacturing Partner. They make supplements. Capsules, tablets, powders, soft gels, gummies. And then brands or influencers or podcasts seldom under their own labels.

I think it would be cool to have like a little microphone shaped gummy or a little funny little money gummy. A money gummy? We could do those. Or maybe we do a powder that you just like add water to and down it real quick.

And it's called the money shot. The money shot is the perfect name.

“First and foremost, I think what's important would be to define the market.”

Frank really wanted us to think about our planet money audience and what supplement you find people might want. You know, smart, busy, capable people. So do we want something that helps people focus, right? Do you want to help people have more energy? Is that the type of product that we want to offer? That sounds great. Yeah, it's tired. There are so many supplements already out there that claim to help with brain function or focus.

There's Ashwaganda or Theanine. But for our potential focus gummy or shot, Frank actually suggests creating or lions main or other mushrooms if we want focus. Focus would be awesome. Also, I would like thicker hair. Okay. Can I do that? Yeah. I mean, we could add collagen to this cocktail, which would help with hair growth and hair thickness. Hold on. We're going to have a gummy. That's like it gives you focus and it gives you thicker hair.

It's doable for sure. Is it smart?

“I feel like it hits two needs that everyone really has a problem with, right?”

I love how Frank just wants to make things happen for us. I know. If there is something that you want, your mind or your body to do, Frank will find the ingredient for you, like you want to burn fat, maybe throw some green tea in there. Frank says people associate it with weight loss. It's typically found in weight management products, so they can kind of put it in that boat if they want to.

But the green tea's really there for some energy benefits. We walk through all the things, ingredients, shapes, flavors, kiwi. For sure. Honeydew, honeydew is a super big thing. No one does just kiwi.

Oh, it's stronger than kiwi. We docked colors. Arts would be green, of course. And right there on the spot, we got an estimate for the smallest possible order of our fully customized. I would argue very tasty supplement.

It's going to be around 8000, 33 bottles. Based upon the ingredients we're talking about, it's going to range from like $4.50 to $7. $4 times 8300 bottles to 33,000 and then you do half upfront, which is not that bad. If you're looking to start your own business, but there is a cheaper option too.

For our stock formulas, you're in the game for, you know, 5500 bucks. Yeah, they do have more than 800 gummies and pills and powders ready to go already. These are their stock options that we can just slap our own planet money label on and call it our special planet money energy supplement. Even though this exact same got me, same color, same flavor, same shape is being sold already by someone else under a different label.

Yep, they even had an energy gummy with green tea in it.

“So could we say on the label, like this will help with mental clarity and burn fat?”

Well, God, you down the right way to say it, I say support's metabolism. Oh, you know, okay, okay, support's metabolism. Exactly. Hello and welcome to Planet Money, I'm Sarah Gonzalez and I'm Jane Black. Jane is a food politics reporter in DC.

She has been watching what people call big wellness, get bigger and bigger and more and more powerful.

And if you think supplements are popular now, just wait. Sales are expected to double over the next seven years. Now, we are not going to make our own supplement. We are not going to sell one. We're going to do it.

We were going to do it. You're going to do it.

“You know, started to make us a little bit nervous, which is kind of a rubber because we do want more energy.”

And thicker hair. And thicker hair, apparently. It was so tempting, especially because it's just so easy to make one. The supplement industry has been fully caching in on our love of silver bullets and a magic pill. Today on the show, how lacks regulations are making that possible.

And why Americans wouldn't have it any other way. Yeah, like, what do you take? Definitely taking a multivitamin, taking magnesium for for bed. For a green typically before I have you meal. I'm taking trace minerals, take some dyeing value methane, or on K2 and D3 in a fat saw.

You will soft gel 15 grams of creatine or for my second call.

Frank, this is so many supplements. It's not as many as you would think. It's like on a given day, six or seven. This week on NPR's newsmakers, former First Lady Jill Biden. She reveals Joe Biden's 2024 debate performance was so alarming.

Doctors checked him after he got off the stage. I was terrified. I thought, oh my God, what's happening? Is this a stroke? What is this? Inside the dramatic month that followed leading to one of the biggest decisions of Biden's presidency to walk away.

This week on newsmakers, you can listen or watch wherever you get your podcasts.

Okay, we are not here to prove or just prove whether supplements work. But we do want to say that experts and scientists tend to agree. There is no evidence that supplements make healthy people healthy. Err. Now, if you're pregnant, there is evidence that folic acid decreases the risk of certain birth defects.

And if you have a condition or you're deficient in something like your anemic or deficient in iron, then yeah, sure, an iron supplement could help with that if a doctor recommends it. But if you're not deficient, then you probably don't need it. Frank Antone, the supplement maker who takes not that many supplements every day. He is a big believer in supplements.

Frank came to the supplement business from the real estate and clothing and thoroughbred race horse trainer business. And his social media is still pretty horse peppy. I just get vitamins and horse, that's all. Okay. But now Frank knows a lot about supplements.

He has built this huge supplement factory in Florida that he says makes millions of supplements a year. And he wants the industry to be reputable and safe when people ask for something impossible. Even us, he says, no, I would like to sleep better at night and have more energy during the day. Yeah, so you're not going to be able to make one product that puts you to sleep and it wakes you back. Well, you have people try to do that. We definitely got that request before.

Frank says he also gets requests all the time to like jam packs supplements with so much of one ingredient that it becomes unsafe. And he will say no to that too. You do have your bad actors where someone comes to us. We want to make this. We say, well, that is not exactly possible.

“So they'll go to someone else and they'll say, hey, can you make this?”

Someone says, yes, all of a sudden it's in the market, but no one's checked. What's really in it? Frank says a lot of people selling supplements came to this business because supplements are a good business. Often the people who come to the industry used to sell some other less profitable products. Yoga mats or, you know, water bottles anything that it might be. They want to coming to supplements at some point because it's something people take every month and they reorder, right?

So it attracts entrepreneurs from different markets to say, hey, I can only sell this guy so many, you know, water.

I can sell him the same green superfood powder every month.

“And that customer lifetime value is going to go way up.”

It's hard to say exactly why supplements are so popular right now. Frank told us that the supplement business really, really took off during COVID. In fact, supplements sales have increased around 50% since before the pandemic. There's also the wellness influencers on TikTok and Instagram. They've also contributed to the jump in sales.

And then there's also just like a lot of distrust in institutions and the government and the pharmaceutical industry right now. And even though supplement makers are companies too, people feel like they're this more natural anti establishment alternative. Even our own health and human services secretary, RFK junior, he's a big fan of supplements. His acting FDA commissioner wants to make them even easier to make and to sell. And there's a long history of people in the United States trying to test the limits of the free market and sell you some magic pill.

One of my favorite stories is in the 1910s.

“There is this really popular supplement. It was claiming it could cure malnutrition using strict nine, which is in rat poison sounds lovely in the 1920s and 30s.”

People were tinkering with yeast trying to supercharge it with vitamins, cleaning it with all the bunch of things, including something called furry tongue, which is what it sounds like. And around that same time a guy entranced for the power of radiation sold radioactive water as a cure for fatigue. Which was popular until a New York tycoon's jaw fell off. His jaw fell off. Just disintegrated. It just completely disappeared.

Fiftys doctors are calling all of this medical quackery. Wonder why, but it was really hard to do anything about it. Yeah, the growth of the industry isn't just about how badly Americans want a magic pill. It's also thanks to years of lacks regulations.

Supplements have always been really hard to regulate. They're kind of a food because, you know, they're designed to supplement your diet.

But they're also pills or gummies or powders, you know, they come in a jar with a label claiming to address your health problems. They feel like a drug.

“But drugs have to go through this really rigorous testing to prove that they work.”

Supplements do not. Supplements live in this weird nomans land. When the Food and Drug Administration was created in 1906, there was no mention of supplements. But over the years, the FDA has tried to regulate them many times. Like in 1966, the FDA proposed a disclaimer.

Be displayed in prominent type, like right there on the supplement bottle. Basically saying that you can get your vitamins and minerals from the foods we eat. And that there is no scientific basis for routine use of supplements. But people did not like that. They should not.

And Congress got more than two million letters, which was actually more than they ever got during watergate.

So no disclaimers. Yeah, didn't go through. In the 70s, the FDA's official position was still that supplements are called nutritionally irrational. And that's like a giant government exclamation point. Yeah, but it didn't matter to anyone every time the FDA and Congress has tried to make supplement rules.

The thing that got in the way was you, the consumer. Massive consumer backlash. This is Melanie Benish, the public really, really loves their supplements. Yeah. Melanie is the lawyer who focuses on food and drug regulations at the Environmental Working Group,

which has for years advocated for safer consumer products and more regulation. She says the last time Congress even attempted to regulate supplements was in the early 90s.

And the consumer revolt that followed basically killed any serious effort to regulate supplements ever again.

That story starts in Kent, Washington. There was some alternative medicine clinic. And the proprietor there was accused of illegally injecting patients with these high dose concoctions of vitamins and minerals that the FDA repeatedly told them were unsafe. One day, FDA agents show up with a local police and kick down the door of the clinic.

It makes the front page of the New York Times. And the supplement industry sees this big newsy raid as an opportunity to fight back. They launch an incredibly effective counter offensive. They got people to write thousands of letters to President George H. W. Bush to Congress. And the FDA saying, like, please, please, please, please do not touch our supplements.

They even got health food stores to join in on the revolt. Health food stores put black curtains over the supplement aisle and the vitamin aisle and said,

Some stores even refuse to sell supplements on certain days to, you know,

make people really live out the nightmare of this world without vitamins. They got Mel Gibson to do an ad. In the ad, you see a SWAT team kicking open the door of their SWAT band. They rushed toward, I guess, Mel Gibson's matching full SWAT gear. They're scaling the site of the building.

They get inside night vision goggles through the living room guns drawn. And then they spot Mel Gibson. "Please, drug it for us." He's standing in his bathrobe and the FBI swoops in and knocks the vitamins out of his hands. Oh, oh, God, hey, it's only vitamins.

It's only vitamins. On the screen, it says, " Protect your right to use vitamins." Call Congress now. Vitamin C, you know, like an oranges? Congress gets a near-full.

And Congress gets the message. Supplements are kind of untouchable in the U.S. Technically, Congress did pass a big supplement law in 1994. It's called the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. But it is so laks that experts in this field don't even consider supplements to be regulated, almost at all.

In fact, the law gave supplement makers more freedom, including something they'd always wanted.

The legal right to claim on their labels that supplements were actually improving your health. And they could now claim this as long as they avoided a couple keywords. So as supplement maker cannot say their pill, diagnosis prevents cures, treats, or mitigates the disease, like Alzheimer's. But they can say it helps improve your memory, which is a pretty subtle distinction. You know, it's not always clear to me what the difference is between, say, helping to maintain your blood sugar levels versus using it as part of a healthy diet to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

“Wait, is one of those okay and the other one is not okay?”

Yeah. They sound exactly the same. Yeah, so I have trouble distinguishing. This is the thing that the supplement maker Frank was kind of like guiding us on, right? He's like, you can't say it burns fat.

You got to say it supports metabolism. So here's a little news you can use. Melanie says, if the front of your supplement bottle says, supports x or promotes y, that should be a signal to you that it is not actually proven to do anything. If you turn over your supplement bottle right now, you will even see in tiny, fine print that the claims on the bottle have,

quote, not been evaluated by the FDA. And sure, the supplement makers are supposed to have something to back up their claims. And there are a bunch of studies out there that say these things work.

“But you have to look at how good those studies are.”

And who's funding them? There's a lot of conflict of interest there. And there is nothing in the regulation that requires supplement makers to prove their product does what it says it does. To what's the point? What's the point of a supplement if it's not supposed to actually work on the thing it's claiming to work on?

Oops and dreams? The law also says, you don't even have to prove your supplement is safe before you sell it to people.

Unless there's one unless unless it is a brand new never before used ingredient in a supplement.

Then you do need to show some paperwork. Yeah, we have finally stumbled on an actual real here. I'm excited. If your supplement includes a totally brand new ingredient, that is one of the few times the company has to notify the FDA and show them their safety studies. Now, they don't have to prove that it's safe. This is supplement regulation, so that would be a wicked high standard.

The law just requires that a supplement will quote reasonably be expected to be safe.

“And if that doesn't make you feel super safe, then you should know that there is also a work around to this rule.”

And there's one supplement more than any other supplement according to Melanie that really exemplifies this fun work around. How companies can get their supplements onto store shelves without proving that they're even reasonably expected to be safe. It involves glowing jellyfish. It all started with a young man from Wisconsin. He, I think, had this epiphany in really hometown on jellyfish every good supplement starts with an epiphany. This was in the 90s. The young man was named Mark Underwood and he had an idea for a new supplement that would improve memory.

And the story goes that the idea came from this moment with his mom who had MS multiple sclerosis in the details come from this really great article in Wired.

Since the disease had limited her body, Diane the mother says that she was attracted to the way jellyfish seemed to move so easily.

“And that's what led her to wonder if the marine animal might hold the key to a medical breakthrough.”

Diane, the mom apparently tells her son about this and he took to it like a dog with a bone. So it wasn't even about memory. Why did we think that jellyfish have good memory? Don't they like famously not have brains? What exactly? They don't have brains. But despite jellyfish not having brains or hearts or hearts, Mark.

What to make his memory boosting jellyfish supplement anyway? Yeah, and he's not going to use jellyfish from like the ocean for this. Okay, he wants to use something that mimics the protein found in glowing jellyfish because they have to be glowing. So this is a synthetic made in a lab version of the protein that causes jellyfish to glow. Okay, and he sets out to now sell that product.

And on his marketing material, he promises his supplement will quote, "not cause any glowing." Wow. So it will not make you glow, but it will apparently improve your memory.

“So what does it take for him to get that into stores or sell it online?”

Well, the jellyfish company first went to the FDA. But the FDA was like, yeah, no, it doesn't mean our safety threshold, which is honestly a pretty low threshold. And when the company ran it by the FDA again a few years later, FDA says, nope, but we still don't think it's safe enough. But there is a way around that pesky little FDA objection. There is a law from the food regulation world that supplement makers can take advantage of.

If you've heard our recent story on how untested chemicals sneak into our food, this might sound familiar.

But if you are a food maker and you've just invented a new chemical or new ingredient that has never been used in food before, you can just declare that your own brand new ingredient is safe,

that it's generally recognized as safe or grass, GRAS. So if you're having trouble getting your new supplement ingredient like Glowy Jellyfish stuff, pass the FDA's review process. Melanie says you can just put it in a food product first.

“You can put it in a protein shake or something else, and then now it's part of the food supplies.”

Hold on, Melanie pointed to a supplement trade article that says industry lawyers even advised their clients to do this. Like, you can skip that pesky FDA heard all just put your new ingredient in a food product first. And now you can add it to your brand new supplement as a generally recognized as safe product. And that is exactly what the Glowy Jellyfish guy did. They said, "Uh-huh, we'll put it in food."

And that was the birth of the Prevision Shake. The Prevision Shake. They called it Neuro Shake. And the Jellyfish Company did formally notify the FDA. They were now introducing the Jellyfish thing as a food ingredient. The FDA again questioned the safety of the ingredient in the shake.

But once you're talking about food ingredients, companies can actually ignore the FDA's concerns. As long as they self-certify that their ingredient is safe. Yeah, that safety self-certification allows them to bypass the FDA's review process. So the Jellyfish Company self-certified that their synthetic, lab-made jellyfish stuff was safe to drink in a shake. Totally legal because we're talking about food products now.

And once they got into food, that gave them the right to add it to the supplement. That is the get-around. That is how we have this synthetic jellyfish shake and this synthetic jellyfish pill. And actually, the pill was on the market the whole time. No one stopped them through all the back and forth with the FDA expressing concerns.

And all of that, they were just selling it anyway.

But between 2007 and 2015, the Jellyfish Company racked up more than $165 million in sales.

Meanwhile, people were reporting side effects to the company. But they were having chest pain and seizures and strokes while taking this supplement. But unless the FDA is aware of an imminent hazard or they do their own testing and can prove that a supplement is unsafe, which takes years and lots of money. The FDA can't take a product of the market.

But the Federal Trade Commission can bring a case against them for false advertising. And the FTC did that with the Jellyfish Supplement. They sued in 2017 and just a short, almost eight years later the--

And the FTC said, there's one clinical trial and it did not show their supplement improved memory.

So now the label just says, "Prevision for your brain." Nice. They promised there. But people are still buying it. It's currently in the top five of Amazon's list of blended vitamin and mineral supplements.

“And less than maybe synthetic, lab-made, glowy-fish stuff is one thing, right?”

Like maybe that feels totally different from, say, fish oil or collagen or herbal supplements like turmeric pills. But Melanie says, even the ones that seem all natural or super familiar may not be what you think. Take green tea supplements. That sounds like a thing that just grows in nature. But the green tea in your supplement is rarely the actual leaves that you see in your tea bag.

It's an extract made by bathing the tea leaves in a solvent, usually ethanol, to extract a particular antioxidant called EGCG, which is all the rage among influencers.

High concentrations of lab-processed green tea EGCG extract is linked to acute liver damage and sometimes death.

Or term-rex supplements. They often contain 10 times the amount recommended by the World Health Organization. After the break, we're talking about the regular, everyday, familiar herbal supplements and vitamins that so many of us have in our kitchens right now. Yeah, you're probably not going to want to hear this next part. [Music] The surreal horror film "Back Rooms" is a smash.

The director is a 20-year-old YouTuber and it's based on his popular web series. Why is this online phenomenon taking off at the box office?

“We get into it on NPR's Pop Culture Happy Hour.”

Listen via the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts. So I have these like gummies, vitamin C, adult gummies C. And why are you taking that? It's like a little treat, you know, it's like a gummy bear, except maybe there's some vitamin C in there. And you feel like you're making yourself healthy.

This is Marion Nessel. If you're vitamin C deficient, it could be quite useful. I don't know anybody who's vitamin C deficient if they eat any fruits and vegetables at all. I mean, the scurvy is not a major problem in the United States. It's not a public health problem.

Yeah.

Marion is basically a legend in the food nutrition supplement world.

She is a background in molecular biology. Has written 17 books on the politics of food and supplements. And has been a public health advocate for decades. I'm 89. Good nutrition.

Good nutrition is out with you. So there's nothing really bad you buy.

“I buy tortilla chips and I buy ice cream.”

I buy all kinds of things. I eat my share of junk food, but vitamins supplements. Do you take any? No. No vitamin D.

Vitamin D is not a vitamin. It's a hormone that you get from exposure to the sun. Sick burn Marion. Sorry. So yeah.

No vitamin supplements for this true legend. I wouldn't take it because I don't know what's in those packages. What it says on the label is not what's in the package. For Marion, it's not just the supplements are unregulated when it comes to the safety of their ingredients. She's worried about an even more basic problem.

Like what even are the ingredients? Your turmeric supplement may or may not have turmeric in it. What? Don't you check the ingredients? They don't?

They don't. It doesn't matter. It doesn't have to have in it. What? It says on it.

Technically supplements are supposed to contain what they say they do. But nobody has the resources to check and see whether those supplements have in them. What it says on the label, unless somebody sues the company. If there's no water involved, there's nobody minding the store. Is it the same way with food?

Like if you read an ingredient in a food product. No, no, no, that will be accurate. Yeah, because the FDA will sometimes spot check food ingredients to make sure they're for real. But on a supplement.

You have no way of knowing. And sometimes supplements have stuff in there that really shouldn't be in there. Lead arsenic or other heavy metals.

It's whole business is testing supplements to see what is actually in them. And recently, they tested a bunch of turmeric pills on the market and found that one had no turmeric,

basically, and others had more than even advertised.

And they have found similar variations in academic supplements and elderberry supplements. Consumer labs found that more than two thirds of elderberry supplements sold on Amazon did not contain authentic elderberry at all. This is true of every supplement. Well, maybe not every, but I can't think of a single supplement that consumer lab is investigated

where it hasn't found wide variation. According to a 2017 study, 20% of liver toxicity cases were tied to herbal and dietary supplements. Over most of the last 30 years, supplement-related liver failure increased eightfold. So much so that people started having to be put on weightless for liver transplants. Now, that might be because of user air, like people taking a bunch of these supplements in a day,

thinking more must be better, but maybe it's other reasons. It's really hard to pinpoint. Marion says there are some supplements on the shelves that are maybe more trustworthy than others.

If they're marked with an NSF or USP, that indicates that they've been third-party tested.

That the supplements do contain the ingredients listed and that the amounts are accurate and not at harmful levels. Remember Frank, our supplement maker, his supplements are NSF certified. And Marion thinks it is pretty important to point out that most supplements, whether they are certified or not, likely, are not causing any real harm, even if they likely aren't causing any benefit. Some of them are harmful, and that's a problem.

But most of them are not particularly harmful, so there's a little risk, but it's not a big risk. I mean, to be honest, that kind of surprised me. I mean, Marion Nestle, woman of science, you would think, would be rabidly anti-Supplement.

“Honestly, she's kind of like, do whatever you want, people.”

You know, this is like religion. You don't argue with people about religion. There's no evidence that they make healthy people healthier.

But if people believe that these things are doing them good, I'm not going to argue with that.

There's nothing I can say to just swayed them. And I'm not even going to try. Marion wrote the history on this. She knows that even when people see the science, it rarely makes them throw out their supplements. I must admit, I have not thrown out my vitamin C gummies or my turmeric pills, though.

I don't know, Jane, maybe I just won't buy them again. Yeah, we were surprised that some of the experts we talked to experts who add the key for supplement regulation and are well aware of all of these problems, they still take some supplements, too. Maybe it's totally irrational of us, but maybe it's not. Because there is one good thing that supplements do sometimes do for us, says Marion.

Supplements make people feel better. There's absolutely no question about that.

“Did she just say supplements make people feel better?”

Yeah, but it's not necessarily because their ingredients actually do what they say they'll do. Yeah, it's this other thing. It has a fabulous placebo effect. Yeah, you feel like your vitamin C gummies helps you not catch a cold and then you don't catch a cold. Plus C was baby magic.

There's plenty of evidence that supplements are fabulous placebo. And in fact, I can tell you a story about a study that proved that. But it doesn't matter. Life is really hard these days. And if all it takes is a supplement pill to make people feel better, I'm not going to argue too much about this.

I love placebo. Yeah, I do too. They're so powerful. I do too. I do too.

So if you're going to buy supplements, you buy from the most reputable company you can find. And keep your fingers crossed. Just cross your fingers, Jane. Thank you so much, Marian. I'm feeling good about this.

Feeling good. You know what gets me about all this.

“Jane, if supplement makers were to just be like fully transparent, right?”

They put on the bottle. There might not be that much turmeric in here. And it may cause liver damage. And it may not even be anti-inflammatory. Like we're suggesting I don't even think that would stop people from buying them.

Yeah, probably not. I mean, we've got a hundred years of history that says nothing is going to come between Americans and their supplements. But you don't even take supplement, Jane. Right. I know.

I mean, nothing's going to come between you and yourself a bit.

This episode was produced by Sam Yellow Horse Kessler.

“Take special oil edited by Marian McQun.”

Daily multivitamin and fact check by Sierra Huades with help from Bito Emanuel.

You do not take any supplements because, of course, our fact checkers don't.

“It was engineered by Robert Rodriguez with help from Jimmy Kuley and Alex Goldmack is our executive producer.”

Special thanks to Jensen Joe's at the Center for Science in the Public Interest.

And Kira Eisner, who wrote that great, wired article, and now works for NPR.

Woo hoo hoo. I'm Sarah Gonzalez. And I'm Jane Black. This is NPR. Thanks for listening.

“This week on the NPR Politics podcast, catch up with the week's big primary election news.”

How things played out with newly drawn districts in California and an increasingly competitive Senate race in Iowa. Plus, we unpack the latest redistricting news that may benefit Republicans in the fall. Listen every afternoon to the NPR Politics podcast. Find us on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.