6. Greek Fire: Across the Mediterranean

More precisely, we're in the chapel of its ducal court.

“Here, Bishop Chicago presides over a solemn Latin mass.”

Today, the ritual is unusual. Shuffling up the aisle, amid the nobles and dignitaries, comes a party of viking warriors. On their shoulders, they carry a stretcher, and on it lies a dying man. They stop before the altar and lure him tenderly. Amidst the fiery of the congregation, the men make for an incongruous spectacle.

Filthy, bearded, leatherclad, long-haired, and despite the warmth of incense,

unpleasantly aromatic.

“What's more, they are the enemy. A viking army has been camped outside the walls for days,”

laying siege to the Beliega town. Luna's petritions thought they had broken a piece. According to a growing custom, they had paid the attackers a vast sum of money to go away. But in what seems a gross act of dishonor, the northmen have refused to budge. They're emitigating circumstances. Their leader, their y'all, is gravely ill, too fragile to travel. To which end they have a special plea.

The y'all is a recent convert to Christianity. He seeks benediction. If Bishop Chicago will grant him his final wish to have a mass conducted for his soul, he will take his chances on the high seas. They will load up their longboats and go. Impressed by the notion of spiritual redemption, the bishop has agreed to their request. For this is no ordinary viking seeking God's mercy, the stricken man is Bjorn Ragnison,

elder son of the legendary Ragnor Lothbrog. His nickname, Jan Cida, iron side, has been bestowed for Bjorn's seeming indestructibility and battle. Though it is a plain old fever which is now hastening his end. The Lord would indeed appear to be moving in mysterious ways. As the bishop makes the sign of the cross, the comatose Bjorn seems to rise.

Effortlessly, miraculously, from the near dead. The bad news is that he is brandishing a sword, one that has been tucked in the folds of his cloak, and that his viking compatrails are now doing the same. Prears are no match for nor steal. The house of God has turned into a slaughterhouse, the bishop himself among the slain,

soon to become a Christian martyr. The Vikings hack their way to the city gates and throw them open, fellow warriors charging.

In the kingdom of Italy, they never understood why the Vikings had become so fixated upon Luna.

Today's Lunae, in Luguria, then like now is a modest commune, best known for its cheese. But such things are lost on Bjorn's own side. His father may have stormed Paris, but he has gone one better.

“In a case of mistaken identity, Bjorn believes he has taken the most important city,”

the greatest prize in Western Christendom. Rome. I'm Ian Glenn, and from the Neuser Podcast Network, this is Real Vikings Part 6. When Ragnar Lothbrogtsack Paris back in 845, it was not the end point of the Vikings in Francia. Overwintering regularly now, Vikings have established settlements, bases at strategic points right across the country's river network.

Edging down they have been up to their usual tricks, raiding along the shores of Aquitaine.

“From there they have moved west along northern Spain,”

looting their way across the kingdoms of Navar, Asturias and Galicia. But here they discover the western world runs out. It is the limit, the final frontier of Christendom. On the other side of the Contabrian Mountains lies the ever-expanding Islamic Empire, the Caliphate. The Muslim realm is vast, spreading from its Arabian source,

it extends by the time of the Viking Age from the Indian Ocean to the shores of the Atlantic. In 711, Berber armies had crossed from what the Romans called Mauritania, carrying Islam into Siberia, the land they call Alandurus. The Muslim Empire has since undergone a revolution. It is run now by the Abbasid Dynasty, from far away back that.

“Under this leadership, the Caliphate has entered a golden age.”

Alandurus has developed into an autonomous, sophisticated, more-ish state, known as the Emirate of Cordubah.

It has earned a reputation as a center of science, medicine and philosophy, powerful and wealthy.

It's a red ragged warball for those who make their living from lastony, a tantalizing prospect to the Vikings of yet more riches, exotic ones to be plundered. According to the legend, it is Bjorn Irneside who will embark on the mission to seize what he can, in one of the most famous of all Viking adventures. The eldest son of Ragnar, Bjorn is young, ambitious, headstrong, perhaps too much so,

to which end he has been paired with a seasoned old pro, a grizzled but steady hand. His name is Hasten, and he is King Ragnar's most trusted lieutenant. In the early summer of 859, Frothing at the prospect of fresh booty, the pair sail out of

“the Luar with a fleet of 62 ships and two and a half thousand men.”

Their reign, to enter the Mediterranean, passing through its narrow entrance between what the ancients called the pillars of Hercules onto the caliphate shores. And with a bonus, turn north and they can attack Christendom from a new angle, hitting it in its soft underbelly. For there, halfway up the Italian peninsula, or so Bjorn understands,

sits the jewel in the crown. Rome.

Bjorn is not the first Viking to strike at our land loose.

Viking raiders have already sacked down its Atlantic coast, besieging todays, La Caronia and Lisbon. In October, 844, a Viking force even sailed up the Guadalcavia river, and occupied the city of Isbiliah, Seville. But Bjorn and Hasten are going to surpass all previous achievements,

becoming the first to enter the great inland sea of the Mediterranean. They are under no illusion as the perils that lay ahead, not just the deadly currents that search through the straits. Word has filtered back that the defenders of the Muslim lands, the Sarasans, to use the vernacular of the day, are a different proposition

to the local militias encountered in the Christian world. According to legend, the Emma of Cordoba, Abda Rakhman II, had 400 Viking captives strung up from palm trees, and his successor Muhammad I, has been strengthening the Emirates defenses. After grappling with the storms of the Atlantic,

sailing into the Med passes without incident. But as Bjorn's men begin ravaging along the Andalusian coast, the warnings bear fruit. The defenders are professional, disciplined. The caliphate can call on a standing army of slave soldiers,

known as Mama Luxe. Plus, they have a navy. Being challenged at sea is a brand new experience for the Vikings.

Not anymore.

“Bjorn's Vikings manage to briefly occupy Nekor on the coast of what is now Morocco,”

but they are soon chased away by purpose-built caliphate warships called Dromons.

By the winter of 859, Bjorn and Hasten have sailed beyond the caliphate's reach, preceding north across the Mediterranean. After raids on the Beliric Islands, a Narborn in southern Francia, they lay to it the mouth of the Rome. In spring, 860, the pair continue.

They sack Niam and Arl, then push up river as far as balance, before proceeding along today's river area to the northwest coast of the Italian peninsula. And they're on to Luna, which Bjorn believes mistakenly to be the holy city itself.

The story of Bjorn on his stretcher, the one we encountered at the start of this episode,

is most likely apocryphal.

“His Trojan horse-ack recurs another tale from the era, featuring different locations and personal.”

In some versions, it is Hasten rather than Bjorn who springs up, sword in hand. In others, it is from a coffin that they leap, not a stretcher, but the subject having fainte is own death. But who knows? In any case, there are reports of further raids in the region, including on Sicily. Accounts of the Vikings pitching up in Greece and Alexandria are also contemporaneous with Bjorn's expedition.

Though the problem, as ever, is that these events are not documented till much, much later. The official saga which details Bjorn's adventures, the tale of Ragnar's sons, is a Icelandic tract from the 13th century. Even the accounts of Bjorn's raids in southern Francia actually date from the 10 hundreds. Professor Elizabeth Row.

“So we do know that there were Vikings attacking the south coast of France at exactly this time.”

But the particular additional detail that the Vikings went on to attack Italy, that's the result of a mistake. The actual chronicles of the time mentioned the Viking attack of the Northman in France. And then those contemporary chronicles go on to say that the Sarasins attacked Pisa and Luna. And it really looks as though one of the Norman historians, Dudo of San Quentin, when he was writing a history of the Normans and referring to their Danish ancestors,

that he got them confused. Was the Bjorn of the Mediterranean the Bjorn? The reason a suggestion that his nickname "I Inside" may have been retrofitted long after his death. A century or so later it was in Vogue. There were a lot of leaders given this moniker,

most notably the English warrior King Edmund "I Inside". It really looks as though the nickname "I Inside" could not have been applied to some character named Bjorn until after 10-16. So the development of a figure of legend and saga named Bjorn "I Inside" is not something that we can trace back to the mid-9th century,

but rather it's a product of the 11th century development of the story of Ragnar and his sons. As is often the case with the Vikings, with Bjorn we are treading a fine line between history and myth. On the way back to Frank here in 851, it is believed the expedition takes a timeout to raid the Basque lands.

There the Vikings kidnapped the King of Pamplona, ransoming him back for a whooping 60,000 pieces of gold. Bjorn, it is said, becomes so staggeringly wealthy from the expedition that it affords him a cushy semi-retirement in southern Scandinavia. There he finds a new royal dynasty,

the Swedish house of Munso. Despite the evident plunder, their mission has taken a heavy toll. The fact that only 20 of the 62 ships make it back

means that the Mediterranean adventure will never be followed by any concerted attempt at conquest,

We can certainly say that the raids on southern France were serious enough for the victims,

but in general the Vikings were not much of a threat in the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean was a zone of conflict between the Islamic realm, to the south, and the Christian kingdoms to the north. The further the Vikings got away from Scandinavia, the weaker their position was. So the Vikings continued to raid along the Atlantic coast of France and Spain,

but they didn't get very far in the Mediterranean and the lack of success.

“I think discouraged subsequent expeditions there.”

Old Rome may not have fallen to the Vikings, regardless of what Bjorn may have believed.

But no matter, for there is a new Rome rising in the east. The year is 977. An army of loose warriors and their slab allies is camped on the southern shore of the Black Sea. A hive of industry has sprung up around its fleet, the long ships hauled up onto the beach. The men work eagerly at the timber that has been felled in the local forests,

splitting plants, soaking and bending the logs into circular hoops secured with rivets. Struts of wood are hammered inside the ring's forming spokes. The more the activity proceeds, it becomes clear that what they are manufacturing are cradles, axles, wheels.

“Their leader, Oleg, Prince of Keef, regards the labour's with satisfaction,”

then turns to view the ultimate object of his ambition. The one to which this ingenuity will be put to task. A place the Norse call "Mickler God", but which is better known in Christendom by another name. Constantinople. There, in the distance, the great capital of the Byzantine Empire rises up.

Dr. Eleanor Baraclav. That glittering, gorgeous empire that the Norse was so keen to reach. It's golden domes glinting in the sunlight. Its palaces and fabulously decorated churches famous throughout the known world.

“As with Paris, as with Rome, its mere existence is a provocation.”

Though for Oleg, this is not just about treasure, he's here to prove a point. By taking Constantinople, he aims to show that the roofs, by extension the Vikings, are a match for anyone. With work and the boats finished, Oleg orders the crews to climb on board.

Even though the ships have been hauled up onto dry land. He stands at the Eagle-headed prow of his own boat. One arm raised, the north wind at his back. He drops it, giving the signal for the sails to be hoisted. The wind whips at the billowing canvases, the ropes tighten, the moths take the strain.

The ships riding on their newly attached wheels begin to edge forward.

At first, slowly, shakely, till they build momentum,

racing towards the city, gliding across the flats like sandjots. The men on board can barely contain the excitement. There is filled with jubilant shouting. On the city walls, the guards look on and disbelief, it quickly turns to panic. They have heard the prophecy of the Zekeel, who thought told that a ruler would come from the north.

Gawk, Prince of Ross. With his hordes he would devastate his rail, which according to their patriarch, their Christian primate, means the holy city of Constantinople itself. The cry goes up, the roofs are coming, the roofs are coming. Situated on the boss for us, Constantinople is a city of strategic importance.

It controls the waterways between the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

which themselves climbed to 250 feet high.

It is a city of Great Welton power.

“When the Roman Empire began to collapse in the fourth century,”

it's administrators split the territory into two halves, two spheres. The western empire centered on Rome, and the eastern or Byzantine Empire under Emperor Constantine. He renamed its capital, which had been Byzantium, Constantinople, after himself. The western empire fell in 476 AD, but for the eastern portion, it has been a different story. With Constantinople as its centrepiece, it has been fashioned as a continuity state.

A culturally Greek successor to the dominion of Caesars and Empress, a new Rome, and it has been thriving. The Viking world too divides between eastern west, between those who look to Britain and Francia across the North Sea, and those who turn towards the Baltic.

“The roots, if you remember, of Iranians, as they are sometimes known, represent this eastern expansion of the Viking world.”

They have extended down through the river networks from the Baltic and Lake Ladoga, establishing a vast trading network right across the Slavic lands of eastern Europe. Their name, Rus, means just that. River people or rowers. An in time they will give their name to a country.

Lars Brownworth. A guy by the name of Rourke goes and finds the first centralized state in what is now Russia, and is therefore kind of the, I don't know what term to use, the spiritual ancestor in a way of three countries, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

“In contrast to Bjorn Einstein's Mediterranean adventuring, going by sea all the way,”

the Rus Vikings have reached eastern waters by a different method. They have used the Denipa River, and its tributaries to enter via the Black Sea, rowing for much of the way, dragging their boats over land when necessary. Much of the ingenuity is Oleg of Kiev's doing. Pre is one of the original Varangians, part of the foundational Rurikid dynasty, fueled by the determination of his forebearers.

And his ambitions do not stop there. For a while now, his interest has been peaked by the tales of travellers and traders returning from the south. The Vikings call Constantinople 'Miclega' that, which means the big city.

It was a place for ambitious go-getters from all corners of the known world, a really incredible metropolis.

And it was packed with mercenaries and traders and travellers, the king for adventure and employment and money making. And of course, that's all things that really speak very closely to Norse culture. You know, this desire for adventure and excitement and profit. From the brick-built aqueducts, the striking monuments the marble statues to its state-of-the-art hipper drum. Nothing they've seen anywhere can come close to the scale of Constantinople's splendor.

And the crowning glory is the magnificent stone cathedral of Hyosophia. Reports of its breathtaking interior make it back to the northern homelands, inspiring others with the desire to see it for themselves, or perhaps have a good taking it. As the power of the Rusks grows, relations between the two entities begin to sour. The same year the Bjorn Iron side is a sailing lunar.

Rusks warriors launched their first major strike upon the Byzantines.

In June 860, the Rusks attack Constantinople for what appears to be the first time. And we have a chronicle written in Kiev a bit later, which says that they were led by two men called Ascoles and Deer. As it was for many of the Viking raiders early victims,

The city is completely unprepared.

“The emperor and his army were both away on a campaign,”

and suddenly without warning the boss for us was full of ships and boats from across the sea, and at least according to the chronicle it was around 200 vessels, which meant that there were many, many thousands of attackers. From inside the great basilica of Isophia, patriarch photos to live as a sermon.

And he's been wailing the city's terrible fate.

He says, "What is this? What is this grievous and heavy blow and wrath?

“Why has this dreadful bolt fallen on us out of the furthest north?”

What clouds compacted of woes and condemnation violently collided to force out this irresistible lightning upon us? Why has this thick, sudden hail storm of barbarians burst forth?" Just as happened with Linda's farm, the raid on Constantinople has put these Vikings on the map. Not that the weren't warnings, ones that went unheeded.

And the wake of the raid on Seville, emissaries from the caliphate had warned of this new threat. Of infidels from the north warriors they refer to as, "Almaju's, fire worshipers."

Despite the usual carnage, Askelton deer are unable, ultimately, to penetrate the city's imposing defenses.

According to a later Christian legend, the defeat of the Vikings is down to divine intervention. Patriarch Fotius dips a holy relic in the sea which causes a freak storm to scatter their pagan fleet. Whatever the truth, the Byzantines are from this point on, obliged to take the Vikings seriously. In the aftermath, a new relationship between the Byzantines and the Rusus forged, one based on trade. The Rus provide the Byzantines with produce from the northern forests of Scandinavia and the Baltic regions.

Fur, timber, wax, honey. In return, all manner of luxury goods flow in the other direction. The Rus merchants who are making their way to Byzantium are making their way back from Byzantium with soaks and all kinds of lovely Mediterranean wares. And of course, the Vikings cash in on their most disreputable commodity, slaves. We know from a 10th century document that what the Rus were trading with the Byzantines is exactly the same as what they were trading with the Hossars and the Arabic merchants.

Down the Volga, so slaves and furs and other northern products. Professor Stefan Brink.

“So this brings us to why slavery was so important it was the best way to accumulate wealth.”

And wealth this time was silver and with silver you could build up your power base as well. As we know, this coveted precious metal is the currency of trade. For the Rus, it funds the commercial empire that spreads along the river networks, right back to Scandinavia. But the flood of wealth is also altering the balance of power within the Rus domain itself. While the rural kids rule from the northern city of Novgorod, it is the Sutherly Cave, which is emerging as the new commercial harbour.

Those back in Novgorod are beginning to fill up stage by this up-start boom town, the one from which as cold and deer had struck out. And as you would expect, they're not going to stand by and watch. In 879, when ruralric dies, it is Oleg who succeeds him in Novgorod. She has a regioned on behalf of Roorick's young son, Igor. And Oleg is going to seize his moment to put an end to these rebels down river.

Taking the three-year-old Igor with him, Oleg sails a fleet south through the waterways. Outside the walls of Kiev, Oleg has his men hide in their boats while he stands on the shore with little Igor. He sends a messenger to its rulers within, claiming to be a Rus merchant traveling to Greece.

But no sooner have the unsuspecting duo come down from their hilltop fortification than Oleg's men emerge from hiding.

“Oleg brandishes the infant in his arms. This is Igor, son of Roorick. He snars true prince of the Rus and signals to his men.”

As a liquidation of his rivals, it is a brisk affair. But it has done the job. The Rus are united under his rule, and Oleg will relocate his capital to Kiev accordingly. It is because of the value of the trade with Byzantium that Kiev comes to be the preeminent center of power for the Rus.

Kiev is located in a relatively secure position, so it's enough within the border forest region that was mounted attackers are not easily going to be able to get through the trees.

He has been in the southern landscape from the open steps, and also Kiev is a village up on top of some bluffs above the river, so it has a bit of natural fortification as well.

“As the new prince of Kiev, Oleg the wise, as he is now styled, he becomes the leader of what were also refashioned as the Kievan Rus.”

He is the man with whom the Byzantines must deal, and must jossle with for regional supremacy. This April, on the Neuser Podcast Network, Real Vikings continues as the Norseman journey through the Med over to Ireland and across to North America.

On short history of, we witnessed the US Civil War and follow the remarkable life of Bob Dylan. On real survival stories, when marooned in the Indian Ocean, in a survival story, truly for the ages.

On short stories, an Australian expat is found dead near a body of water and his son is in the frame, in the boscom valley mystery. Get all of these shows and more early and add free on Neuser Plus.

“And if you haven't already, get your hands in a copy of Neuser's book, a short history of ancient Rome.”

Available in all good bookshops and wherever you get your audiobooks. In his assault on Constantinople, a principal historical source, the Russian primary chronicle, states that Oleg's fleet was made up of 2,000 ships. That would have meant an army of around 80,000 men, an unfeasibly large force, so perhaps we should take the numbers with a pinch of salt. But the story of Oleg attaching wheels to his boats and sailing them over land towards the city. As fantastic as it sounds, it's not an impossible scenario.

Historians have argued that Norse warriors elsewhere had been known to use similar tactics. Unfortunately for Oleg, his campaign of 97 is in military terms of failure. The story has a nailing his shield to the city gate, a side of victory, but not actually breaching it. There was a psychological weapon, a medieval cyops, the boats on wheels' trick is a devastating ploy. It plays into the Byzantine's fears of the Vikings as almost superhuman warriors, capable of anything.

Plus, word is already out but the Norse men's capacity for savagery. As the Russian primary chronicle also records, some they beheaded, some they tortured, some they shot, that's with arrows by the way, and still others they cast into the sea. When the terrified Byzantines do eventually sue for peace, Oleg demands payment, 12 coins for each man in his army. Just like Ragnar in Paris and Bjorn in Luna, Oleg is being paid to go away. In the wake of Oleg's expedition to Constantinople, a new treaty of friendship is ratified between the roots and the Byzantines.

The Byzantine response was remarkably diplomatic and very politically astute, so what they did when the siege was over was make favorable trading pact with their attackers. During legitimate Rus' merchants, a six-month supply of bread and meat and fish and fruits, and perhaps most importantly bars whenever they needed them. Not only that, the Rus will be exempt from any customs tariffs. It's a remarkably generous deal.

and are shown the sites of Constantinople, the palatial interiors and ecclesiastical bling.

“They are also treated to a viewing of Constantinople's holiest relics, including the crown of thorns worn by Jesus at his crucifixion,”

as well as nails from the cross, and the purple robe placed over the Savius body. All this is designed to impress. Connection between worldly wealth and eternal salvation can hardly be accidental.

For the Byzantines have another weapon to deploy against the Rus, quite a powerful one.

God. In western Europe, converting the Heathens to Christianity has become baked into treaties and dealings, Viking leaders must be baptized.

“This has been a condition, for example, of Viking leader Guthrams reconciliation with England's Alfred the Great.”

It's a proven way of bringing Viking leaders to heal, to initiate them into the greater European Brotherhood.

The Byzantines are particularly zealous in this regard. In 861, the Missionary Cyril, the man who gives his name to the Cyrilic script, had been sent out into the worlds of Eastern Europe to convert the Byzas, the Slaves. It's inevitably brought him into contact with the Rus too. It kind of pulls the Russians into the Orthodox Orbit, which of course has cultural connotations, which are very, very far-reaching. It's the beginning of a process that will culminate in the conversion of the entire Rus nation, but not quite yet.

“With the Rus threat neutralized by favorable trading terms, the Byzantines can focus on the other great challenge to their supremacy, and to their Christianity, the Caliphate.”

And they will do so with the Rus as allies. In 910, the Empire launches a major maritime campaign against Arab interests in Crete, Cyprus, and along the coast of Syria. 700 Rus mercenaries serve alongside Byzantine troops. True to their Viking heritage, the Rus come with a formidable reputation, making them highly sought after soldiers in any army. When Oleg dies at a grand old age, Ego formerly becomes Prince of Kiev.

Oleg had been appointed as his region, the guardian of a boy king, but he had clung on to power till the very end. Ego, his child ward, is now 64. Prince Ego could easily have settled for a quiet retirement, but making up for lost time, he instead decides to make a late bit for glory and riches. As well as put one over on Oleg, the man who kept him down for so long, and that means having a pop at Constantinople all over again. It's late May, 941.

After raiding along the southern shore of the Black Sea, old Prince Ego leads his fleet into the bus for us. He remembers the tales told by Oleg's envoys about the spectacular city, the palaces, the churches, the jewels, the tapestries, the marble. And as with Oleg before him, this is not just about blunder. For two long, 30 years, the Byzantines have arrogantly dictated the terms by which the rules will be allowed to enter the city, telling them how long they can stay and where. Ego is here to take back control.

With his fleet approaching the city, one of Ego's men raises the alarm. Enemy ships are head. Ego shields his eyes from the sun and scans the azure waters, then he sees them. There can be no more than 15 Byzantine vessels approaching. They look like they've seen better days too. Is this the best the defenders can do? A gaggle of barely see worthy tubs against his mighty Rus navy. It's an insult, another sign of Byzantine arrogance.

But as the Rus boats close in, the sailors can see the faces of their enemies. They seem strangely unconcerned, excited even.

“The Rus orzman shift un-easily on their benches, something about this doesn't add up. And what's that accurate smell whafting towards them?”

Then it begins. Long bronze pipes appear over the sides of the Byzantine ships and from them narrow jets of fire shoot out. By the time the Rus sailors realize what's happening, it's too late. The frontline boats are hemmed in by those behind. The flames leap through the air and ignite the timbers and sails. The very surface of the water seems to be catching fire. The flames spread quickly from ship to ship, meant through themselves overboard, preferring to drown them burnt to death. Ego retreats his fleet in disarray.

“The secret in century weapon that the Byzantines unleashed on Ego ships is called Greek Fire.”

Veterans of the attacks on Al Andalus had spoken of something similar. The fireballs launched at them by catapults from harbor defenses. Some mysterious armament of the Orient that are spread along the Med. To this day, we don't know for sure what Greek Fire was. Lightly theory is that it's ignited crude oil pumped at high pressure through narrow tubes, like a protov flame thrower. But what we do know is that it was deadly in its effect. The Med evil equivalent of Naparm impossible to extinguish.

Ego's ravaged navy limps back to keep. In time, Ego will lead a second expedition against Constantinople.

On this occasion with a force so huge that the Byzantine Emperor has no appetite for a fight. In 945, a new treaty is agreed, but there has been a subtle change to the wording. In 911, Ego's embois had sworn to uphold the treaty as Pagans. But in 945, it allows the roost to swear their oath either as Pagans or Christians, a sign that the Byzantine policy of integration through conversion is paying off. The growing influence of Constantinople shows in other ways too.

The roost state employs Byzantine clerks as its first civil servants. It adopts Byzantine literacy.

After Ego's death, the trend to Christianity gathers pace. In the 950s, Ego's widow Olga travels to Constantinople to be baptized at the Byzantine court.

“We remember Olga of Kiev from an earlier episode as the woman who wrecked terrible revenge on her husband's murderers.”

On her death in 969, Olga receives a Christian funeral. But the time her grandson Vladimir becomes Prince of Kiev in 978, he is sending 6,000 Kieven roost soldiers to the new Emperor Basil II to help Goshe rebellion. There is a diagnostic alliance between the Prince of Kiev and the Byzantine Emperor, and has part of the alliance. There is a marriage between Vladimir and the Emperor's sister, and part of the arrangement is that Christianity will happen and Vladimir will come to Christian. And the Byzantine Empire sends priests to teach Vladimir's subjects the Eastern form of Christianity.

All union is finally achieved.

And Vladimir's conversion is baptism by the patriarch of Constantinople, marks the founding of what we know as the Russian Orthodox Church. We're in the upper gallery of the Church of higher Sophia in Constantinople, an area reserved for the Imperial family and they're on to rush.

Arch windows run around the base of the dome, shafts of light pierced the hollowed gloom.

So a service is underway, the divine litigee of the Orthodox faith.

“The members of the Imperial family are seated, but you must remain standing, your calves begin to ache, your fuel your eyelids drooping.”

To keep yourself from going off and falling over you take the knife from your bow, concealing it under your cloak. The tip of the blade to scratch something in the marble. H-A-L-F-D-A-N.

Hold for done. Your name. Centuries from now, future generations will know that you were here.

The graffiti scratched by an unknown soldier in the upper gallery of the highest of here, visible to this day, one of several inscriptions testifying to the presence of Vikings in Constantinople.

“When Vladimir sent his varanguians to aid the Emperor, he opened the door for Vikings to serve in the Imperial Army.”

They will be formally constituted as the most famous core of warriors within the Byzantine armed forces.

Eventually, the Norse would come to form the core of the formidable fighting unit that served as the Byzantine Emperor's personal bodyguard.

This was an elite troop known as the Varangian Guard. He felt that warriors who were all foreigners and their only loyalty would be to him that this was the safest kind of protection he could have, relying on fighters from his own empire who might have royalties to other noble men or other factions in Byzantium.

“The Vikings are eminently qualified for this line of work.”

There's one particular Byzantine Emperor, he's young and he's insecure on the throne, and he knows, you know, you imagine he's hulking, Viking warriors. He's very impressed by them. For the Vikings, a stint in the Varangian Guard, a Norse foreign legion, will come to represent a lucrative step in their military career. A way of professionalising their warrior code and turning it to profit. No one epitomizes this ethos more than a guy called Harald Hardrada. They was king on Norway from 1046 to 1066, and before becoming king, Harald spent 15 years in exile as a mercenary, and he became the chief of the Varangian Guard in Constantinople.

Harald Hardrada will go on to play a pivotal role in the story of the Vikings, and will even feature in England in 1066. We will return to him in a future episode. The quest of Vikings in the East does not end there. The details of Norseman traveling through Mesopotamia, on top of Persia, in classic Viking fashion, some go on as traders, some as violent raiders, quite possibly, it's the same people doing both. Though the motive for their engagement with these far-flung lands will over time diminish.

Over in the Caliphate, those silver mines in Afghanistan have become emptied of silver, and the coins that had been so valuable when they were nearly pure silver, they've now been devalued, and the coins are being minted from a combination of silver and less precious metals. As bullion, the new Durham are nearly worthless to the Scandinavians. About 40 miles west of Stockholm stands grips homecastle. It was, for most of its existence, a royal residence, occupied as it happens by the distant descendants of one beyond our inside.

Though today it's a museum, housing the Swedish National Portrait Gallery. And by the side of the driveway that winds through its grounds, it's a carved lump of rock. One of 26 similar markers that are planted about eastern Sweden. They commemorate men who, at the height of the age, died in distant lands.

They fell alongside an adventurer named Inva, Inva the far-traveled, who were journeyed all the way to Armenia, Georgia and across the castle.

“The inscription on this stone says, "They travel like men far-for-gold, and in the east their bodies fed the eagle, they died in the south of Sertland."”

Sertland being by some interpretations of the land of silk, or along the silk road.

The Vikings never did establish a permanent presence across the Mediterranean, that would come later in the guise of the Normans.

“But beyond our inside's expedition to comes with its own legend.”

Just as it was with the Varangians, it may be that some of his warriors ended up in local service.

There were writings by Arab scholars to suggest that Norse men settled in Old Andalus, becoming Muslim converts. Others may have acted as mercenaries for caliphate warlords.

“From the end of the 9th century, Viking influence had spread right across the region, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Caspian Sea, across the Mediterranean basin and beyond.”

The Viking age had touched new continents, Africa and Asia. In the next episode, lured by its religious treasures, north men set sail for Ireland. In Francia, meanwhile, an entire province is granted to a legendary Viking warrior, a man named Rolo. These settlements will yield new hybrid peoples, Norse girls and normals, and they will add a whole new dimension to the expanding Viking age. That's next time.

You can listen to the next two episodes of real Vikings right now, without waiting and without ads, by joining Norse Plus. Click the banner at the top of the feed or head to Norse.com/subscriptions to find out more. The Royal SMS podcast with Martina Yara and Nikita Farnoils. And today, we're going to the U.S. to join the Royal SMS podcast.